秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米水氮利用效率的影响  

Effects of Straw Returning Plus Nitrogen Fertilizer on Water Use Efficiency and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Spring Maize in Northeast China

作　　者：白伟[1,2] 张立祯 逄焕成[3] 牛世伟[4] 蔡倩[1] 孙占祥[1] 安景文[4] BAI Wei;ZHANG Lizhen;PANG Huancheng;NIU Shiwei;CAI Qian;SUN Zhanxiang;AN Jingwen(Institute of Tillage and Cultivation,Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shenyang 110161,China;Agricultural Meteorology Department,College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Institute of Plant Nutrition and the Environment,Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shenyang 110161,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所,辽宁沈阳110161 [2]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,农业气象系,北京100193 [3]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [4]辽宁省农业科学院植物营养与环境研究所,辽宁沈阳110161

出　　处：《华北农学报》2018年第2期224-231,共8页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica

基　　金：农业部公益性行业科研专项资金项目(201303130);国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300204);中国博士后科学基金(2017M620103);辽宁省“百千万人才工程”项目(201746)。

摘　　要：为了探明秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米水氮利用效率的影响,2014-2015年在辽宁铁岭设置了秸秆0.0 kg/hm^2+纯NPK 0.0 kg/hm^2(S0F0)、秸秆9 000 kg/hm^2+纯N 0.0 kg/hm^2+纯P 112.5 kg/hm^2+纯K 90.0kg/hm^2(SN0)、秸秆9 000 kg/hm^2+纯N 112.5 kg/hm^2+纯P 112.5 kg/hm^2+纯K 90.0 kg/hm^2(SN1),秸秆0.0 kg/hm^2+纯N 225.0 kg/hm^2+纯P 112.5 kg/hm^2+纯K 90.0 kg/hm^2(S0N2)(CK),秸秆9 000 kg/hm^2+纯N225.0 kg/hm^2+纯P 112.5 kg/hm^2+纯K 90.0 kg/hm^2(SN2),秸秆9 000 kg/hm^2+纯N 337.5 kg/hm^2+纯P 112.5kg/hm^2+纯K 90.0 kg/hm^2(SN3)6个处理开展了研究。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米产量、氮肥农学利用率影响明显。全量还田9 000 kg/hm^2和配施氮肥225.0 kg/hm^2产量最高,相同施氮条件下,2年秸秆还田比秸秆不还田增产1.10%~11.56%,增加的主要原因是百粒质量和行粒数的显著提高和秃尖的显著降低,但产量并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加;秸秆还田配施氮肥春玉米干物质最大生长速率(Cm)和干物质最大积累量(Wm)均随着施氮量的增加而增加,秸秆未还田和不施氮肥春玉米干物质最大生长速率时间(tm)出现延后,这在一定程度上导致了干物质积累量的减少;秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤水库起到了扩蓄增容作用,提高春玉米水分利用效率,相同施氮量条件下,秸秆还田比秸秆不还田有一定程度的提高,但并未达到显著差异(P>0.05);秸秆还田配施氮肥能够提高氮肥农学利用率,提高土壤有机质含量,但速效养分增加并不明显。秸秆还田量9 000 kg/hm^2和配施氮肥225.0 kg/hm^2是辽北棕壤区比较理想的还田方式,在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。To study the effects of straw returning and nitrogen(N)application rates on water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize.A field experiment was conducted in 2014-2015 at Tieling City of Liaoning Province with six treatments(0.0 kg/ha of straw+0.0 kg/ha of pure NPK,S0F0;9 000 kg/ha of straw+0.0 kg/ha of pure N+112.5 kg/ha of pure P+90.0 kg/ha of pure K,SN0;9 000 kg/ha of straw+112.5 kg/ha of pure N+112.5 kg/ha of pure P+90.0 kg/ha of pure K,SN1;0.0 kg/ha of straw+225.0 kg/ha of pure N+112.5 kg/ha of pure P+90.0 kg/ha of pure K,S0N2,CK;9 000 kg/ha of straw+225.0 kg/ha of pure N+112.5 kg/ha of P+90.0 kg/ha of pure K,SN2;9 000 kg/ha of straw+337.5 kg/ha of pure N+112.5 kg/ha of P+90.0 kg/ha of pure K,SN3).Results indicated that the maize yield and nitrogen agronomic use efficiency were dramatically influenced by straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer.The yield of straw 9 000 kg/ha plus nitrogen 225.0 kg/ha treatment was the highest,and the average yield increased was 1.10%-11.56%in two years,which was mainly due to the significant increase of 100-seed weight and row numbers and the decrease of tip-barren,but the yield did not increase with the increased of nitrogen application rates.C m and W m of dry matter increased with the increase of nitrogen application rates in treatments of straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer,but t m of dry matter was delayed in treatment of 0.0 kg/ha of straw plus 0.0 kg/ha of pure N,which decreased directly dry matter accumulation.Straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer increased soil water storage capacity,crop water use efficiency,but under the same nitrogen application rate,soil water storage capacity,precipitation utilization efficiency of grown period and crop water use efficiency of straw returning treatments were no significantly improved compared with non-straw returning treatments.Straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer improved utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and soil organic matter,but the difference in available nutrients was not significant.

关 键 词：秸秆还田 施氮量 水分利用效率 氮肥利用效率 春玉米 土壤养分 

分 类 号：S141.1[农业科学—肥料学]