浅析墨西哥选举制度改革历程及其影响  

On Mexican Electoral Reforms and its Influences

作　　者：王文仙[1] Wang Wenxian

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2018年第2期126-137,157,158,共13页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：中国社会科学院创新工程项目"近代以来国外社会变革与社会稳定专项研究"亚非拉子项目阶段性成果之一

摘　　要：二战后的墨西哥历届政府致力于渐进性选举制度改革,扩大反对党的参政空间,旨在维护革命制度党的执政合法地位。1946年《选举法》奠定了墨西哥现代选举机构的基础,1977年选举改革大大推动了现有政治体制的合法性。经济转型时期的选举改革意在解决不断开放的经济发展模式与仍然相对封闭的政治体制之间日益不对称的问题,增加选举的透明度和对选举进程的监督。1996年塞迪略政府的选举改革朝着自由和公正又前进了一步,为反对党参政创造了更多有利条件,并且结束了总统候选人"指定制"。墨西哥的选举制度改革带来两个重要影响:一是有利于墨西哥从一党霸权的威权主义体制转变成竞争和多元政党体制;二是有利于维持20世纪后半期的政治稳定,而且2000年大选时的执政党更替也没有造成政治制度的断裂和社会动荡,呈现出政治成熟和民主国家的平稳化特点。只有深入理解选举制度改革的历程,才有助于理解今天墨西哥的选举式民主。In order to maintain the legitimacy of Partido Revolucionario Institucional(PRI),Mexican governments had continuously committed to progressive electoral reform,paying attention to maintenance of their own advantages,expanding the room of political participation for the opposition parties.The Electoral Law of 1946 laid down the structure of modern electoral institutions and served as a basis for electoral reform.The electoral reform of 1977 greatly promoted the political legitimacy of PRI and accepted the opposition parties into the existing political party system.During the eighty years of economic transition in the twentieth century,the electoral reform aimed to solve the problem of increasing asymmetry between the increasing openness of the economy and the relatively closed political system,increasing the transparency of the electoral process.The electoral reform of President Zedillo in 1996 went one step further towards free and fair elections,creating more favorable conditions for the opposition parties and ended the“dedado”.PRI lost the presidential election in 2000 for the first time since it came to power.The process of gradual electoral reform in Mexico shows that the process of political democratization is characterized by political maturity and the smoothness of democratic countries.Understanding the process of electoral reform will be helpful to understand today’s election democracy in Mexico.

关 键 词：墨西哥 选举法 选举制度改革 政党合法性 选举民主 

分 类 号：D773.1[政治法律—政治学]