关中方言的将来时间指称形式——兼谈时体情态的共生与限制  

Future Time References in Guanzhong Dialect:With Reference to Parasitic Functions and Co-occurrence Constraints Regarding Tense,Aspect and Modality

作　　者：唐正大[1] TANG Zhengda

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《方言》2018年第2期236-246,共11页Dialect

基　　金：中国社会科学院创新工程项目"汉语口语的跨方言调查与理论分析"和中国社会科学院语言类型学优势学科资助

摘　　要：本文区分将来时(future tense)和将来时间指称(future time reference),前者是语法范畴,有专用形式表达;后者是语言需要表达的功能性、语义性概念;汉语属于无时语言,因此将来时间指称作为一种寄生功能(parasitic function),使用其他范畴(如体、情态等)和结构来表达。关中方言有多种将来时间指称形式:将始体"VP呀"、将行体"VP得咧"和惯常体"VP呢"等。前两种分别代表了世界语言将来时间指称的两大类型,即表意愿和预测,这与Bybee et.al(1994:280)所概括的将来时核心功能基本一致。两种格式具有一定的互补性:"VP呀"在结构上排斥动结式/动趋式等具有完结语义的动词,语义上排斥非自主动词,表达意愿情态,属于施为者导向型情态(agent-oriented modality)。"VP得咧"在结构和语义上适用的动词范围较广,其情态解读根据动词的自主性以及主语人称而有所不同,认识情态解读适用于非自主动词以及主语为第三人称的自主动词,道义情态解读适用于主语为第一、二人称的自主动词。"VP得咧"表达的情态属于言者导向型情态(speaker-oriented modality)。文章附带提及汉语完成体的显赫性等类型特点。This paper makes a distinction between future tense and future time reference(FTR),with the former belonging to a well-defined verbal category and the latter a working functional concept.FTR in Chinese,acknowledged as a tense-less language,is parasitically encoded by means of other categories such as aspect,modality or even by specific constructions.In the paper are provided several structures such as‘VP-[■]呀’,‘VP-[■.■]得咧’,and‘VP-[■]呢’to express FTR.The former two are typologically common among languages in their incidental expression of Intention and Predication,respectively,which coincides with observations by Bybee et.al.(1994:280).These two structures are somewhat complementary in that‘VP-[■]’tolerates neither telic VPs such as V-directional or V-resultative constructions nor non-volitional verbs,and expresses incidentally desiderative modality,thus as an agent-oriented modality in nature;while‘VP-[■.■]’as a speaker-oriented modality expression is applied to a wider range of VPs with its modality reading varied according to volitionality of VP and the person of the sentential subjects,specifically,epistemic modality with the non-volitional verbs and the volitional verbs with the 3 rd person subjects,and deontic with volitional verbs with 1 st and 2 nd person subjects.The paper also figures out the nature of Chinese perfect aspect as a typologically prominent category.

关 键 词：关中方言 将来时间指称 将始体 意愿情态 词汇体 寄生功能 

分 类 号：H172.2[语言文字—汉语]