工业企业产能利用率衡量与生产率估算  

Capacity Utilization Rate Measurement and Productivity Estimation for Industrial Firms

作　　者：余淼杰[1] 金洋 张睿[1] YU Miaojie;JIN Yang;ZHANG Rui(National School of Development,Peking University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学国家发展研究院中国经济研究中心,邮政编码100871

出　　处：《经济研究》2018年第5期56-71,共16页Economic Research Journal

基　　金：国家杰出青年科学基金项目"国际贸易与中国经济转型发展"( 71625007) ;国家社会科学基金重点项目"企业创新与全要素生产率提升和质量升级研究"( 16AZD003) ;国家自然科学基金面上项目"汇率变动;产品质量;成本加成定价和加工贸易企业附加值提升"( 71573006) ;2015 年度教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目"产品质量;企业绩效与国际贸易研究"( 15JJD780001) 的资助;北京大学博士研究生才斋奖学金的资助

摘　　要：准确衡量产能利用率是理解和解决产能过剩问题的关键。利用企业层面资本折旧率和产能利用率的对应关系,本文在生产函数估计框架中引入了产能利用率的作用,发展出同时估计产能利用率和生产率的方法。该方法清晰界定了产能利用率的概念,并具有广泛的适用性。本文利用该方法估计了中国工业企业1998—2007年以及2011—2013年间的产能利用率,结果显示:1)忽略产能利用率的变化在总体上低估了中国工业企业的生产率水平;2)在2007年以前,中国工业企业的产能利用率经历了一个整体上升的过程,但是在随后有所下降;3)不同性质的企业具有高度的异质性,生产率较高、人均资本存量较低、出口产出比更高以及利润率更高的企业往往有着更高的产能利用率。Overcapacity of specific industries,such as steel and coal,has been viewed as one of the most important and extensively discussed economic issues of China.The main feature of overcapacity is a massive amount of idling capacity,often considered to be a sub-optimal situation.The overcapacity of the steel industry is also closely related to low export price.Therefore,it turns out to be the most common fuse of trade disputes between China and developed economies,such as the U.S.and European Union.Since the late 1990s,the Chinese government has initiated five rounds of policies aiming to tackle with overcapacity.However,overcapacity keeps emerging periodically for some specific industries despite government s efforts.Since 2012,reducing overcapacity of particular industries has been listed as one of the primary economic goals of the Chinese government.y definition,overcapacity is a low level of capacity utilization.Therefore,the key to understanding overcapacity is to precisely measure capacity utilization rate.However,current methods of measurement,such as data envelopment analysis and stochastic production frontiers,are far from satisfaction because of either the concepts they use to define overcapacity or their underlying assumptions.Based on the definition of Greenwood et al.(1988)and the conceptual framework of Ackerberg et al.(2015),we develop a new method to measure capacity utilization rate.We define the capacity utilization rate as capital utilization intensity and incorporate flexible capacity utilization rate into the production function estimation framework.Our underlying assumption is that higher capacity utilization leads to higher depreciation rate of capital.Thus,we can use capital depreciation rate as a proxy variable to estimate capacity utilization rate and total productivity factor simultaneously.Our method requires weaker assumptions,offers a more precise and intuitive characterization of overcapacity,and is more amenable to various extensions.Empirically,we apply our method to Chinese Industrial

关 键 词：产能利用率 生产率 产能过剩 

分 类 号：D24[政治法律—政治学]