“文化转向”与美国冷战宣传史研究的兴起和嬗变  

‘Cultural Turn'and the Rise of the U. S. Cold War Propaganda Studies

作　　者：翟韬[1] Zhai Tao

机构地区：[1]首都师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2018年第3期125-143,161,共20页World History

基　　金：首都师范大学青年科研创新团队资助

摘　　要：美国冷战宣传史研究的"文化转向"是沿着文化分析、国内因素考量和帝国视角三个方向行进的。学者们采用文化视角把美国对苏联东欧的心理战解读为向海外投射美国国家身份和文化;用组织文化和政治文化概念探讨宣传制度机构分合演变背后的根源,把冷战宣传解读为美国政治文化和"自由国际主义"外交理念的产物;借鉴后殖民视角,把冷战宣传解读为一种追求无形控制的"文化帝国主义"战略。推动这一转变发生的原因在于,学界并未仅仅把对外宣传视为对外部因素回应的产物,而是积极探寻其在美国国内和美国文化层面的历史根源。从这个意义上讲,学术界在大力提倡冷战"国际史"的同时,也应该重视冷战"国家史"的方面,注意外交政策制定中的国内因素和动力。With the increasing focus of the culture and ideology by the new studies of the Cold War history which rose in the 1990s,the historians began to pay attention to the U.S.propaganda abroad during the Cold War.Three main themes were initially discussed by the academia,including the U.S.psychological warfare against the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,the institutional evolution of the U.S.Cold War propaganda machines,and the cultural Cold War waged by CIA(Central Intelligence Agency)against Western Europe.Later,the cultural turn of American diplomatic history studies transformed the whole field of the Cold War propaganda studies,which are beyond the diplomatic approach and integrated into cultural approaches.From these cultural perspectives,the scholars analyzed the psychological warfare as a type of the cultural expression,and explained the history of the propaganda institution in the framework of the political culture,which originated from the liberal internationalism.The U.S.Cold War propaganda abroad was also interpreted as a cultural imperialist strategy and an informal tool manipulating the Third World from a perspective of the post colonialism.In short,the recent literatures do not regard the U.S.Cold War propaganda abroad as the mere response to the international relations,but consider it a kind of action or strategy originated from domestic situations and cultural reasons.In conclusion,the studies of international history of the Cold War should more focus on the domestic factors of the history.

关 键 词：新冷战史 宣传史 公共外交史 帝国史 文化转向 

分 类 号：K153[历史地理—历史学]