西亚史前印章记录系统的发展和演变  

Developments and Evolutions of Seals and Sealing System in West Asia

作　　者：马欢欢 杨建华[1] 

机构地区：[1]吉林大学边疆考古研究中心,长春市130012

出　　处：《考古》2018年第6期70-83,共14页Archaeology

摘　　要：约公元前3200年,西亚的美索不达米亚地区,即底格里斯河与幼发拉底河构成的两河流域,其南部已使用世界上已知最早的文字——原始楔形文字[1]。文字产生之前,西亚地区已存在多种保存记录的方式,原始楔形文字只是在发展中胜出的一种[2]。有学者研究发现西亚的记录系统长期参与行政管理、追踪收入、支付及大型组织内的转让等活动,正是这些活动促使了文字的发明[3]。文字发明之前,记录系统已在上述活动中起着重要作用。西亚地区的记录系统包括筹码、空心泥球、泥质信封、印章及泥版文书等,以往的研究多集中在两河南部地区各记录系统的发展演变关系上[4],对单个记录系统的发展、演变研究较少。20世纪70年代至90年代,施曼特-白瑟拉(Schmandt-Besserat,D.)对西亚史前筹码的研究[5]首次全面考察了单个史前记录系统,她对原始楔文中数字符号和计数方式起源的解释得到学界广泛认可[6],但该研究无法解释原始楔文中表意符号、象形符号的来源及选择泥版作为文字书写载体的缘由,说明原始楔文不只源自筹码系统,还源自其他记录系统。在众多记录系统中,印章记录系统历史最为悠久,也最早引起学界关注。The seals and sealing system in West Asia experienced three developing stages.In the second half of the 7th millennium BC,the earliest seals and sealing clays in the world occasionally appeared in northern Levant,Upper Euphrates and Upper Tigris and were used to seal goods or record information.From the end of the 7th to the mid 6th millennia BC,they spread to southeast Anatolia and the upper reach of Kabul River.Meanwhile,broken sealing clays were used as receipts in public deposit.From the mid 6th to the mid 5th millennia BC,northern part of West Asia could be divided into two regions according to distributions of seals of different types.In the western region,there were mainly stamp seals,while in the eastern,pendants and amulets were dominant.Marking goods and recording information became important functions of seals.The elements of the Halaf and Ubaid Phenomena played important roles in the development of the seals.

关 键 词：两河流域 印章 印纹块 哈拉夫现象 欧贝德现象 

分 类 号：K86[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]