美国联邦政府与地方政府的干预和反干预--以公共工程管理局第129号命令为例  

The Contradictions between the U.S. Federal Intervention and Local Autonomy: A Case Study on Order No.129 of Public Works Administration

作　　者：李文硕[1] Li Wenshuo

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文与传播学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2018年第4期67-76,156,共11页World History

基　　金：本文为国家社科基金重大项目“多卷本《西方城市史》”(项目编号:17ZDA229)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：城市与国家的关系是美国城市发展历程中的一组重要关系,联邦制的政治结构和悠久的地方自治传统为这一关系赋予了与其他国家不同的特性。美国地方自治具有悠久历史,城市具有相对独立的地位。新政期间,联邦政府为了应对大萧条,加大了对城市的干预,与城市之间形成了新的关系。1934年,美国公共工程管理局出台了第129号命令,对联邦政府针对城市公共工程的拨款做了适用性规定,但是其对地方自治的干预引发了强烈抗议。有关罗伯特·摩西是否能担任纽约三区大桥管理局主席一职成为此次政治漩涡的中心。这场风波既是富兰克林·罗斯福总统与纽约三区大桥管理局主席罗伯特·摩西政治恩怨的爆发,也是联邦政府与纽约市政府的正面冲突,最终以罗斯福让步落幕。这说明地方自治的传统和精神凝结成强大的力量潜伏在美国社会中,当联邦政府的权力超出美国人所能认可的界限时,必然引起反弹。The relationship between city and nation plays a significant role in the process of the American urban history and has distinct characters originated from the federal system.Order No.129 of Public Works Administration was a general executive order which aimed at the appointment of its local branches.But a political conflict between President Franklin Roosevelt and Robert Moses,chairman of Triborough Bridge Authority,New York City,as well as a confrontation between the Federal Government and New York City focusing on the federal intervention,were behind the scene.Local autonomy,or Home rule,is so deeply rooted in the American history that cities possessed a relative independent status.Although the Federal Government expanded its intervention on cities during the depression period in the 1930s,forming a new relationship between them and helping cities out of the crisis,the autonomy of cities was threatened by this new relationship and cities still resisted radically as soon as the intervention was too strong.

关 键 词：美国史 地方自治 联邦政府 美国公共工程管理局 富兰克林·罗斯福 

分 类 号：K712.5[历史地理—历史学]