试述规矩和准绳及其神秘性特征  

A Tentative Analysis of rules and standards and Their Mysterious Features

作　　者：董涛[1] DONG Tao(Advanced Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China)

机构地区：[1]重庆大学人文社会科学高等研究院,重庆400044

出　　处：《东方论坛（青岛大学学报）》2018年第4期43-54,共12页Eastern Forum（JOURNAL OF QINGDAO UNIVERSITY）

基　　金：重庆大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目"战国秦汉日者群体研究"(106112015CDJSK47XH22)

摘　　要："规矩"和"准绳"是历史早期的测绘工具,从现有的材料来看,矩的起源较早,主要用于测绘方圆,绘图用的圆规则起源较晚,而且形制并不固定;测量横平的所谓水准可能并非是固定的仪器,而测量竖直的绳需要配合悬垂使用,有时也用于墨斗,可以绘制标准的直线。可以发现,"规矩"具有测绘方和圆的功用,而这正切合了古人的天圆地方的理念,同样"准绳"测绘横平竖直也逐渐被赋予更多"衡量"的功能。是以"规矩"和"准绳"逐渐具有神秘化特征,以"规矩"和"准绳"为核心的特殊符号也开始出现,并广泛出现于先秦秦汉时期的各类器物之上。Guiju(gauge)and zhunsheng(yardstick)are tools of surveying and mapping in early Chinese history.From the existing materials,the origin of ju is much earlier,mainly used for surveying and mapping circumstance,and the compasses used for drawing occurred later with unfixed shapes and structures.The so-called shuizhun measuring the horizontal may not be a fixed instrument,and the rope measuring the vertical with a pendant or sometimes also ink marker,can be used to draw standard straight lines.It can be found that guiju has the function of surveying and mapping squares and circles while zhunsheng is used for surveying and mapping the horizontal and vertical.Both of them gradually took on mysterious features and appeared on various utensils in the pre-Qin,Qin and Han periods.

关 键 词：伏羲女娲 《墨子》 工倕 日廷图 博局镜 

分 类 号：K203[历史地理—历史学]