论“三权分置”背景下的家庭承包经营制度  

On the System of Operation by Households Under a Contract in the Context of the Division of Rural Collective Land Rights

作　　者：杨一介[1] Yang Yijie

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院农村发展研究所

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2018年第5期82-95,共14页China Rural Survey

摘　　要：实施"三权分置"为完善家庭承包经营制度提供了新途径。落实集体所有权,应通过保障农民集体成员权,重建农户承包土地的集体所有权行使规则;保障农户土地承包权,应立足于实现农民集体成员以家庭为单位初始取得集体所有的承包土地的权利;土地经营权因土地承包经营权的流转而成为一项独立的财产权。土地经营权因其取得方式的不同有租赁权和用益物权之分,而且两者的法律效果不相同。土地承包经营权流转后,农业经营主体法律保护机制以及地权登记与承包土地的经营权融资担保机制有待完善。为坚持和维护家庭承包经营在农村基本经营制度中的基础性地位,需完善以农民集体成员权为基础的农户承包土地的集体所有权制度;土地承包经营权制度的建设应立足于建立以土地经营权租赁为主、兼顾其他形式的土地承包经营权交易机制和承包土地的经营机制,建立以小农生产经营现代化为目标的多元化农业经营主体制度。The practice of dividing rural collective land rights into collective land ownership right,farmer households'contract right and management right offers a new way for improving and updating the system of operation by households under a contract.To realize collective land ownership right,it is necessary to re-establish the performing regulations concerning the collective ownership of farmer's contracted land by safeguarding the collective membership.Farmer households'contract right means that farmer households acquire the rights endowed on the basis of collective membership.Land operation right becomes independent property rights because of the transfer of contracted land management right.Land management right can be divided into leasehold and usufruct according to the means of acquisition,of which the legal effects differ.In addition,after the transfer of contracted land management right,the legal protection system for agricultural entities as well as land title registration and the financing and security systems for the management right of contracted land have to be improved.To stabilize and safeguard the fundamental position in contracted management by households in the basic rural management system,it is necessary to enhance the collective ownership system of farmers'contracted land based on the collective membership.Institutional reconstruction of the rights to contracted management of land should be based on two aspects,establishment of transferring mechanism concerning the rights to contracted management of land,and operation mechanism concerning the contracted land in which lease of land management right is a major mode,taken into account other transaction modes,and establishment of diversified agricultural operation agencies,of which the goal is the realization of modernization of smallholders'operation.

关 键 词：家庭承包经营 集体所有权 土地承包经营权 土地承包权 土地经营权 

分 类 号：D922.32[政治法律—法学]