集中化地方主义与近代国家建设——民国北京政府时期军阀政治的再认识  

Centralized Localism and the State Building in Modern China: Revisiting the Warlord Politics in the Period of Beijing Government in Republican China

作　　者：李怀印[1] Li Huaiyin

机构地区：[1]美国德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校历史系

出　　处：《近代史研究》2018年第5期67-84,161,共19页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：晚清国家财政、军事和行政权力的下移和私人化趋势,延续至民国初年,导致国内政治的严重分裂,并在1916年袁世凯去世后演化为各个军阀派系的混战。长期以来,海内外史家对北京政府时期军阀现象的解读,也因此多强调派系倾轧和战事频仍对中国近代政治和经济发展的负面作用。从地缘政治和财政构造的角度分析各个军阀派系的兴衰过程,各派军阀能否在竞争中取胜,端看其内部政权建设水平,尤其是动员和利用各项资源、打造其财政和军事实力的能力。那些拥有固定地盘、地理位置优越,且通过集中化的行政体系和财政制度,有效抽取经济资源,从而最具军事实力的地方势力,终将战胜那些缺乏固定地盘和资源分散的对手。因此,现代中国的国家形成,是集中化的政权建设通过各自地方势力之间的角逐,由区域走向全国的自下而上的过程。北京政府时期伴随军阀势力消长的,除了政治纷争和社会动荡之外,还有国家建设在区域层面的突破,其轨迹与世界史上现代国家形成过程中的后起国相仿,即由强大的区域政权在建立统一、集中的全国政权的过程中起主导作用。The trend of localization and privatization of the national financial,military and administrative power in late Qing last in the early Republican period and led to the serious split in domestic politics,which finally resulted in the battles among warlords after Yuan Shikai's death in 1916.For a long time,historians have emphasized more on the negative political and economic consequences of this warlord period.However,by analyzing rise and fall of the various warlord regimes from the perspectives of their geo-politics and financial structures,we can see that whether or not a warlord regime could succeed depended on the quality of its internal governance,especially its ability to mobilize and utilize all kinds of resources and enhance its financial and military powers.The local powers that had stable territories in prime geographic locations and were capable of effectively exploiting economic resources by centralized administrative and financial institutions would eventually defeat their rivals that lacked stable territories and had only scattered resources.Therefore,the modern Chinese state building was a bottom-up process in which local regimes were centralized to compete with each other and the winners among them developed from regional states to the national state.The Beijing government period thus underwent the state building process at the local level despite the political conflicts and social unrests.The trajectory of the Chinese state building,namely the powerful regional regimes playing a leading role in the process of building a united and centralized national regime,is similar to the history of state building in other backward countries.

关 键 词：北京政府 军阀政治 地方主义 财政—军事国家 

分 类 号：K258.4[历史地理—历史学]