论基本权利对社会公权力主体的直接效力  

On the Direct Effectiveness of Fundamental Rights on Social Public Power Subjects

作　　者：李海平[1] Li Haiping

机构地区：[1]吉林大学法学院,吉林长春130012

出　　处：《政治与法律》2018年第10期109-123,共15页Political Science and Law

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目"合宪性控制的理论与实践研究"(项目编号:16JJD820006)的阶段性研究成果之一

摘　　要：基本权利私人间效力问题旷日持久争论的根源在于,个人权利—国家权力二元结构基本权利效力理论难以妥当回应社会公权力普遍兴起的现实,确立基本权利对社会公权力主体的直接效力是解决问题的有效途径。社会公权力是指具有明显政治、经济、社会、文化、信息等资源优势的私主体对其他特定或者不特定多数的私主体事实上的支配力。基本权利对社会公权力主体的直接效力符合基本权利的本质,有助于克服基本权利间接效力理论和国家行为理论之弊。通过对我国宪法序言第13自然段后半段和正文第5条第4款、第51条的目的性限缩,可获得基本权利对社会公权力主体直接效力的宪法依据。基本权利对社会公权力主体直接效力通过民事立法和民事司法途径实现,立法中采用一般条款和特别法两种形式、坚持比例原则和禁止保护不足原则双重衡量,司法中遵循民法适用优先、侵权行为和法律行为区别适用等规范。建构三元结构基本权利效力理论是未来的必然趋势。The long-standing debate on the private effectiveness of fundamental rights lies in the fact that the theory of the effectiveness of basic rights in the dual structure of individual rights and state power cannot properly respond to the reality of the widespread rise of social public power,and establishing the direct effectiveness of fundamental rights on the subjects of social public power is an effective way to solve problems.Social public power refers to the factual dominance of private subjects with obvious political,economic,social,cultural,information and other resource advantages over other qualified-majority or non-qualified majority private subjects.The direct effectiveness of fundamental rights on the subject of social public power is in line with the essence of fundamental rights and contributes to overcoming the disadvantages of the theory of indirect effectiveness of fundamental rights and the state action doctrine.By teleological reduction interpretation of the second half of the 13th paragraph of the Preface of the Constitution of China and Paragraph 4 of Article 5 and Article 51 of the main text,we can obtain the constitutional basis for the direct effectiveness of fundamental rights on the subject of social public power.The direct effectiveness of fundamental rights on the subject of social public power is realized by means of the civil legislation and the civil justice.The legislation is made in two forms:the general clause and the special law,and adheres to both the principle of proportionality and the principle of prohibiting insufficient protection of inadequate.In justice,norms concerning that the civil law prevails,tort and legal acts are governed by different laws are observed.The construction of the theory on the effectiveness of tripartite-structure fundamental rights is an inevitable trend in the future.

关 键 词：基本权利 社会公权力 间接效力理论 国家行为理论 

分 类 号：DF2[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]