两河流域乌尔第三王朝灭亡原因新探  

A New Probe into the Fall of the Ur Ⅲ Mesopotamia

作　　者：刘昌玉 LIU Changyu(College of Humanities,East China Sea Rim and Borderland Research Institute,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学人文学院环东海与边疆研究院,浙江金华321004

出　　处：《浙江师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2018年第5期45-51,共7页Journal of Zhejiang Normal University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目"两河流域乌尔第三王朝赋税制度研究"(17CSS007)

摘　　要：公元前2004年,伊朗西部的埃兰人在金达图的率领下攻克两河流域南部的乌尔城,俘虏末王伊比辛至苏萨,标志着乌尔第三王朝的灭亡。长期以来,传统学术界将乌尔第三王朝的灭亡原因主要归结为两点:王朝末年的食物短缺引发的经济危机和埃兰人的入侵。目前看来,以上这两点只能算是乌尔第三王朝灭亡的直接原因或推动力。而乌尔第三王朝灭亡的主要原因包括:一是王朝自始至终存在的王位继承问题,导致统治阶级内部争权夺利,二是王朝内政实行的"二元"行省制度,致使地方上离心独立思想复燃,加深中央与地方的矛盾,三是王朝外交政策与边疆政策的失误,过度的对外战争使得王朝入不敷出,逐渐衰亡。换言之,乌尔第三王朝的灭亡是内因为主,外因为辅,这一历史事件对于古代两河流域文明的发展具有重要的影响意义。In the year of 2004 BC,the Elamites from western Iran,led by Kindattu,conquered the city of Ur and captured Ibbi-Suen,the last king of the Third Dynasty of Ur,which indicated the fall of this dynasty.For a long time,Assyriological scholars attributed the fall of Third Dynasty of Ur to both the economic crisis caused by food shortage and the Elamite invasion.As per recent views,however,the above-mentioned reasons can only be direct cause or drive.Three primary reasons on the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur are the succession to the throne,which led to the fight inside the ruling class,the“binary”provincial system,which resulted in disunity and contradiction between the central and local governments,and the unwise foreign policy,which meant excessive wars and the whole country running behind its expenditure.In other words,its internal cause is given priority when it comes to the cause of its fall.This historical event plays a significant role to the history of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization.

关 键 词：两河流域 乌尔第三王朝 灭亡 王位继承 行省制度 

分 类 号：K37[历史地理—历史学]