滴灌量对高产春玉米冠层结构特征及产量的影响  

Effect of Drip Irrigation on Canopy Structure and Yield of High-yield Spring Maize

作　　者：沈东萍 张国强[1,2] 王克如[2] 肖春华[1] 徐文娟[1,2] 刘广周[2] 张小伟 陈永生 陈江鲁 刘朝巍[1] 李少昆[1,2] SHEN Dongping;ZHANG Guoqiang;WANG Keru;XIAO Chunhua;XU Wenjuan;LIU Guangzhou;ZHANG Xiaowei;CHEN Yongsheng;CHEN Jianglu;LIU Chaowei;LI Shaokun(Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Construction Group,Agronomy College,Shihezi University, Shihezi Xinjiang 832003,China;Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology,Ministry of Agriculture,Institute of Crop Science,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences,Division Six of XPCG,Wujiaqu Xinjiang 831300,China;Agricultural Technology Extension Station of Qitai Farm,Division Six of XPCG,Changji Xinjiang 831100,China)

机构地区：[1]石河子大学农学院,绿洲生态农业重点实验室,新疆石河子832003 [2]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,农业部作物生理生态重点实验室,北京100081 [3]新疆生产建设兵团第六师农业科学研究所,新疆五家渠831300 [4]新疆生产建设兵团第六师奇台农场农业技术推广站,新疆昌吉831100

出　　处：《西北农业学报》2018年第8期1137-1145,共9页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31360302);国家大学生创新训练项目(201710759001);石河子大学3152青年骨干教师项目(CZ0235);新疆生产建设兵团第六师五家渠市科技项目(1703)。

摘　　要：为春玉米高产、节水以及灌溉调控提供理论依据,研究膜下滴灌条件下灌溉量对新疆高产(≥15 000kg/hm^2)春玉米冠层结构特征及产量的影响。于2014-2015年在新疆奇台总场,采用覆膜滴灌技术,以当地高产玉米滴灌量为对照(I100),设置4个滴灌量水平,分析滴灌量对高产(≥15 000kg/hm^2)玉米冠层特征及产量的影响。综合2a试验结果表明,当滴灌量降低到常规灌溉量(600mm)的90%(I90)时,6个供试品种籽粒产量无显著降低;多数品种在滴灌量降低到常规灌溉量的80%时产量显著降低,表明降低10%滴灌量对玉米产量无显著影响。在I90(540mm)处理下,不同品种吐丝期叶面积指数为7.53~8.67,穗位层透光率为3.5%~4.5%,群体底部透光率为0.5%~0.8%,消光系数为0.56~0.72,产量达到15 686.0~19 135.4kg/hm^2。滴灌量影响玉米的株高、穗位高、叶面积指数以及各层光分布,改变玉米的群体结构。随滴灌量的降低玉米产量呈下降趋势,但滴灌量降低到常规灌溉量的90%(I90)时,提高穗下第三叶层的透光率,籽粒产量无显著的降低。因此,在节水的前提下达到较高的产量,并提高水分利用效率,实现高产与高效的统一,该灌溉制度(540mm)适宜在当地进行推广。To provide a theoretical basis for the high yield,water saving and irrigation regulation of spring maize,effects of drip irrigation under film on the canopy structure and yield of spring maize with a high yield of 15 000 kg/hm 2 in Xinjiang were studied.This study was conducted at Qitai sites from 2014 to 2015 by adopting drip irrigation under plastic film.Based on the local conventional drip irrigation amount of high-yielding maize(600 mm),four irrigation levels(I100,I90,I80,I70)were adopted.Effects of drip irrigation amount on canopy distribution characteristics with high yield of 15 000 kg/hm 2 were studied by conducting experiments.Comprehensive two-year results showed that,when the drip irrigation was reduced 90%to the conventional drip irrigation(600 mm),grain yield was not significantly decrease of the six cultivates tested.Yield of most cultivates were significantly reduced when drip irrigation was reduced to 80%of conventional drip irrigation.Therefore,appropriate to decrease the drip irrigation(10%)had no significant effect on maize yield.Under the I90(540 mm)treatment,the leaf area index of silking stage varied from 7.53-8.67,the transmittance of ear layer was in the range of 3.5%-4.5%,the transmittance in the range of 0.5%-0.8%,mass extinction coefficient in the range of 0.56-0.72 and the yield reached 15 686.0-19 135.4 kg/hm 2.Drip irrigation changed the population structure of maize by means of plant height,ear height,leaf area index and light distribution in each layer.With the decrease of drip irrigation,the yield of maize decreased.However,when the drip irrigation amount was reduced to 90%(I90,540 mm)of the conventional irrigation,the transmittance of the third leaf below ear layer was increased and the grain yield did not decrease significantly.Therefore,the irrigation regime(540 mm),achieving high-yield and water saving,is suitable for promotion in the local area.

关 键 词：滴灌量 春玉米 高产(≥15 000 kg/hm 2) 冠层结构 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]