缓释氮肥与尿素掺混对玉米生理特性和氮素吸收的影响  

Effects of blending of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and urea on maize physiological characteristics and nitrogen uptake

作　　者：郭金金 张富仓[1] 闫世程 郑静 强生才[1] 陈东峰[1] 李志军[1] GUO Jin-jin;ZHANG Fu-cang;YAN Shi-cheng;ZHENG Jing;QIANG Sheng-cai;CHEN Dong-feng;LI Zhi-jun(Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas of Ministry of Education/Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学/旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室/中国旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2018年第5期1194-1204,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家"十二五"863计划项目课题(2011AA100504);农业部公益性行业科研专项(201503124);教育部高等学校创新引智计划项目(B12007)资助

摘　　要：【目的】研究不同施氮量下尿素与缓释氮肥掺混对大田玉米生理特性、氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,以期探索减少土壤硝态氮淋失、提高氮肥利用效率的高效施氮管理模式。【方法】试验在西北农林科技大学节水灌溉试验站进行,供试土壤质地为壤土,玉米品种为郑单958。设置了3种氮肥类型为尿素(U)、缓释氮肥(S)、尿素和缓释氮肥以3∶7比例掺混(SU); 4个施氮(N)水平为90 kg/hm^2 (N1)、120 kg/hm^2 (N2)、180kg/hm^2 (N3)、240 kg/hm^2 (N4),以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,共13个处理。在生育期内对玉米的产量和生理指标进行观测,并测定玉米主要生育期植株养分和土壤硝态氮含量。【结果】尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理的玉米生长后期叶绿素总量最大值分别比尿素(U)处理和缓释氮肥(S)处理最大值提高7.7%和1.3%。各生育期尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU) N3处理的净光合速率和蒸腾速率最高,分别高于其他处理6.9%~88.6%和3.4%~90.3%。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理能够更好地促进玉米对氮素的吸收利用,其中尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU) N3处理氮素吸收量和籽粒的氮素分配量达最大,分别为156.0 kg/hm^2和79.7 kg/hm^2,高于其他处理8.1%~67.3%和6.2%~54.1%。尿素(U) N3处理与缓释氮肥(S) N2处理的氮素吸收量和籽粒的氮素分配量无显著差异;尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)在N3施氮量下,产量达到最高为6200.4 kg/hm^2,比尿素(U) N3处理和缓释氮肥(S) N2处理的产量分别增加了20.7%和19.8%。与单施尿素(U)和缓释氮肥(S)处理相比,尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理能充分利用0—40 cm土层养分,减少土壤氮素向更深土层淋失,提高氮肥利用率,降低土壤环境污染的风险。【结论】尿素与缓释氮肥掺混条件下,施氮量180 kg/hm^2是提高试验区玉米叶绿素含量和光合作用,促进氮素吸收,减少硝态氮向土壤深层淋失的最佳施肥管理模式。【Objectives】To understand the effects of mixed regular and slow-release nitrogen fertilizers on maize physiological characteristics,nitrogen uptake and the distribution for effective reduction of soil NO3–-N leaching and improving of N use efficiency.【Methods】An experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of Water Saving Engineering,Northwest A&F University,with the tested soil of loam and maize cultivar of‘Zhengdan 958’.A randomized complete block design with three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers and 4 N supply levels was used.Three nitrogen fertilizers were conventional urea(U),slow-release nitrogen fertilizer(S)and a mixture of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer and conventional urea with N ratio 7∶3(SU).Four N application rates were 90 kg/hm2(N1),120 kg/hm2(N2),180 kg/hm2(N3)and 240 kg/hm2(N4),plus a control without N application(CK).A total of 13 treatments were established.The maize yield and physiological property,plant N content and soil NO3–-N concentrations were determined.【Results】Compared with urea(U)and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer(S),the maximum total chlorophyll content with SU treatment was increased by 7.7%and 1.3%under N3 levels,while the maximum photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were increased by 6.9%–88.6%and 3.4%–90.3%,respectively.Fertilizer SU treatment increased uptake and utilization of nitrogen.Under N3 level,the maximum plant nitrogen assimilation and grain nitrogen assimilation with SU treatment were 156.0 kg/hm2 and 79.7 kg/hm2,which were respectively increased by 8.1%–67.3%and 6.2%–54.1%,compared with the fertilizer U and S treatment.There was no significant difference in plant and grain nitrogen assimilation between U(N3)and S(N2)treatment.The highest grain yield(6200.4 kg/hm2)was achieved with the treatment of SU(N3),which was 20.7%and 19.8%higher than the treatments of U(N3)and S(N2),respectively.Compared with the fertilizers U and S treatment,SU treatment reduced soil N leaching by more uptake of soil nutrient at the 0–40 cm soil

关 键 词：缓释氮肥 尿素 掺混 玉米 生理特性 氮素吸收 土壤硝态氮 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]