利用等离子体技术制备和改性碳基纳米材料的研究进展  

Synthesizing and Modifying Carbon-based Nanomaterials by Plasma Techniques

作　　者：宋晔 缪远玲 孟月东[1] 王奇[1,2] SONG Ye;MIAO Yuanling;MENG Yuedong;WANG Qi(Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials,Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Hefei 230031;School of Physical Science,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院光伏与节能材料重点实验室,中科院等离子体物理研究所,合肥230031 [2]中国科学院大学物理科学学院,北京100049

出　　处：《材料导报》2018年第19期3295-3303,3308,共10页Materials Reports

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(11575253)；安徽省杰出青年科学基金(1608085J03)；安徽省重点研发计划(1704a0902017)；中科院合肥研究院院长基金(YZJJ201505)；中国科学院光伏与节能材料重点实验室青年人才课题(PECL2018QN005)；中科院青年创新促进会(2015262)

摘　　要：碳纳米材料如碳纳米管、石墨烯等具有超高的电导率、良好的力学强度及大的比表面积,近年来对它们的研究重点由碳纳米材料自身的性能逐渐扩展到碳纳米材料衍生物及碳基纳米复合材料的构建、性质及应用。碳基纳米材料的传统合成方法主要是化学法和电化学法,但步骤较繁琐、容易引入杂质元素等缺点制约了这些传统方法的进一步发展。作为一种制备与处理纳米材料的全新方法,等离子体技术得到了越来越广泛的关注。利用等离子体技术合成与改性碳基纳米材料的研究方向主要有:(1)通过改进等离子体源,提高其稳定性及工作效率,使其更适合制备和处理碳基纳米材料;(2)通过与不同的异质纳米材料复合,改善碳基纳米材料的物理化学性能;(3)拓展碳基纳米材料在环境保护和其他领域的应用。研究发现,相比于传统合成方法,等离子体技术具有较少引入杂质、产物催化活性较高、反应时间较短等特点。特别是低功率低气压条件下的电感耦合等离子体源,其对碳纳米材料的损伤较小,通过改变等离子体气氛,可以有效地还原或氧化碳纳米材料,这不仅去除了碳纳米材料表面的有害基团,还在其表面引入有益的化学基团,极大地提高材料的水溶性和吸附性能。直流等离子体源在大气压条件下可以稳定放电,通过改变功率和气体流速等参数可以有效控制碳纳米材料的生长方向,得到具有特殊性质的碳纳米柱或石墨烯墙。电子回旋共振等离子源有较好的稳定性,处理时几乎不会引入杂质元素,可以用于制备高精度的电子元器件。采用这些改进后的等离子体源可以将金属或有机物大分子基团负载于碳纳米材料表面,得到的衍生物能够更好地吸附环境污染物。通过等离子体技术能够将高导电率的铂粒子与碳纳米材料复合,并提高铂粒子在碳纳米材料表面的分散,这�The research upon carbon nanomaterials,such as carbon nanotubes and graphene,has nowadays been extended from their properties to the construction,characteristics and application of carbon nanomaterial derivatives and carbon-based nanocomposites owing to carbon nanomaterials’ultra-high conductivity,favorable mechanical strength and high specific surface area.Hence the methodology for obtaining and modifying carbon-based nanomaterials has drawn widening attention in recent years.The traditional synthesis methods,mainly including chemical synthesis and electrochemical synthesis,are limited by their deficiencies of complicated procedure and easy contamination by impurity elements.As a kind of newly developed synthesis methods of nanomate-rials,plasma-assisted techniques have been preliminarily found to be satisfactory for synthesis and modification of carbon-based nanomaterials.The research directions of plasma-assisted synthesis and modification of carbon-based nanomaterials include the following aspects.Ⅰ.Enhance plasma stability and efficiency by improving the plasma source to make it adaptable for carbon-based nanomate-rials.Ⅱ.Elevate physical and chemical properties of carbon-based nanomaterials by composing with various hetero-substances.Ⅲ.Expand the appliance of carbon-based nanomaterials in environmental protection and other fields.Plasma techniques enjoy the advantages such as low impurity introduction,high catalytic activity of product and shorter reaction time consumption compared with the traditional synthesis methods of carbon nanomaterials.An exemplary plasma source for plasma-assisted techniques is inductively coupled plasma source with low power and low pressure.It causes little damage,and can implement oxidation or reduction of carbon-based nanomaterials,and in consequence,both removal of negative groups and integration with positive groups,which result in extraordinarily promoted water solubility and adsorptivity.The direct current plasma source can discharge steadily under atmospheric press

关 键 词：等离子体 碳纳米材料 衍生物 复合材料 重金属离子 有机污染物 燃料电池催化剂 传感器 

分 类 号：O539[理学—等离子体物理]