生物宽带反射结构色效应研究综述  

Broadband Reflection in Nature:a Review on Structural Coloration Effects

作　　者：王丹彤 周涵[1] 范同祥[1] WANG Dantong;ZHOU Han;FAN Tongxiang(State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学金属基复合材料国家重点实验室,上海200240

出　　处：《材料导报》2018年第19期3465-3472,3477,共9页Materials Reports

基　　金：全国优博作者专项基金(201434);上海市自然科学基金(17ZR1441100);上海市青年科技启明星计划资助(15QA1402700);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助

摘　　要：近年来结构色在材料学、生物学和物理学等研究领域引起了广泛关注。结构色是指由材料表面微观结构与入射光相互作用而引起的反射、散射、干涉等光学现象产生的颜色。自然界中的生物历经数百万年的进化与选择产生了多种多样的结构色,例如昆虫外壳和鸟类羽毛上展现的绚丽夺目的彩虹色等。以生物结构色为研究对象,科研人员提出了多种不同的结构色产生机理。深入研究生物结构色的产生机理,是人类有效利用结构色的基础。相对于绚丽夺目的彩色,自然界中的白色常常容易被人们忽略。因此,关于自然界中白结构色产生机理的研究相对较少。白结构色要求生物表面微观结构对入射光能够产生宽带反射。宽带反射是指材料微观结构对入射光产生的对波长没有明显选择性的反射,其反射光谱曲线通常为台阶状。能够产生宽带反射的生物其表面微观结构更加精细复杂。近年来,生物白结构色逐渐引起了人们的关注,人们对宽带反射结构色的产生机理有了越来越深刻的认识。自然界中广泛地存在宽带反射结构色,例如蝴蝶、甲虫、海洋生物等表面上的白结构色。不同生物宽带反射结构色的产生机理可能各不相同。某些鱼类表皮上的白结构色是由入射光在其表皮的层与层结构之间发生相长干涉而产生的;甲虫表皮和蝴蝶翅膀中的白结构色则是由于其表面无序微观结构对入射光的多重散射而引起的;巨蛤的白结构色是由其表皮上微观结构形成的彩色色块的颜色混合效应产生的;撒哈拉沙漠中银白蚂蚁的白结构色则是由其表皮毛发的微观结构引起的入射光全内反射产生的。因此,对宽带反射结构色产生的不同机理进行归纳总结,可以为不同领域有效利用白结构色提供合理的实现方法。本文从布拉格反射器、无序结构、颜色混合效应及特殊结构等四个Structural color,which is generated along with particular optical phenomena such as reflection,scattering,interfe-rence of light caused by the specific surface microstructures of materials,has aroused wide attention in the fields of materials science,biology and physics in recent years.Nature’s millions of years of evolution has produced a rich variety of creatures owning structural colors,such as colorful insects and birds.Based on the studies of biological structural colors,several different mechanisms of the structural coloration in nature have been proposed.The complete insights on essence of biological structural coloration are the prerequisite of the practical applications of structural colors.In contrast to the other brilliant colors,white is often ignored,and scant studies have been conducted to investigate the optics of white structural coloration.Structural whiteness relies heavily on sophisticated surface microstructure which can result in broadband reflection of light,i.e.the wavelength-independent reflection of incident light with a step-like reflectance spectrum.In the past few years,biological white structural coloration has captured gradually increased research interest,and our perceptions of how the broadband reflection happens have become more and more profound.Structural whiteness are common in nature,such as white color on the surface of butterflies,beetles and marine organisms.Generating mechanisms of natural structural whiteness by light broadband reflection are different.The structural whiteness on skin of some fishes may be resulted from constructive interference of layer-by-layer microstructure.Whiteness on beetle cuticles and butterfly wing scales can be ascribed to the multiple scattering of incident light on their surface disordered microstructures.White structural coloration of giant clams is the outgrowth of color mixing effect of the colorful plots on its epidermis microstructure.And white structural coloration of the Saharan silver ants is caused by the light total internal refle

关 键 词：宽带反射 白色结构色 人工光调节功能材料 

分 类 号：TB17[生物学—生物工程] TB133[机械工程—光学工程]