拉美族群政治的发展——以玻利维亚为例  

The Evolution of Ethnic Politics in Latin America: The Case of Bolivia

作　　者：李菡[1] Li Han

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院拉丁美洲研究所

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2018年第4期136-150,158,共16页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：20世纪90年代以来,族群政治在拉美兴起,其主要特征是一批新兴印第安族群政党的产生。在历史上,拉美族群政党的发展并不显著,这主要归因于该地区存在的制度障碍、资源不足和种族意识相对淡薄。随着第三波民主化浪潮的推进,族群政党在拉美各国大量涌现。印第安族群政党是印第安人政治参与扩大化的产物,反过来又促进了印第安族群的政治参与,提升了自身政治表达的有效性。玻利维亚的"争取社会主义运动"是拉美迄今最为成功的印第安族群政党,它的形成是玻利维亚印第安人数十年自主政治动员的成果。相较于世界其他地区的族群政党,"争取社会主义运动"的兴起没有引发或加剧国内的族群矛盾。它取得竞选成功主要归因于该党的政治诉求和政治主张能够跨越族群边界,构建更广的选民光谱,实施具有多族群联盟的包容性政治策略,保持不同族群之间的合作关系,从而更好地适应了玻利维亚的社会现状。In the last two decades,the rise of ethnic politics in Latin America has been marked by the emergence of new indigenous or ethnic parties.The development of the ethnic parties in this region has been hindered by institutional obstacles,inadequate resources and low level of ethnic consciousness.Along with the third wave of democratization in Latin America,the formation of indigenous parties is the product of broad political participation of indigenous people.As the most successful indigenous party in Latin America to this day,the Movimiento al Socialismo(MAS)has been the product of years of indigenous mobilization in Bolivia,and has relied heavily on the support of broad networks of social movements.MAS has not caused ethnic conflicts in Bolivia compared with the ethnic parties in other countries.Its success can be mainly attributed to its inclusive political strategy in order to keep cooperative relations between different ethnic groups and adapt itself to domestic situation.Although indigenous parties in most Latin American countries have not been able to duplicate the electoral achievements of the MAS and may have little chance of coming to power,they have nevertheless successfully reshaped the politics of the region.The emergence of indigenous parties has yielded great effects on their political representation.

关 键 词：玻利维亚 “争取社会主义运动” 族群政治 族群政党 印第安人 

分 类 号：D633[政治法律—政治学]