土壤肥力对红壤性水稻土水稻产量和氮肥利用效率的影响  

Effects of Soil Fertility on Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in a Red Paddy Soil

作　　者：彭卫福 吕伟生[3] 黄山 曾勇军 潘晓华 石庆华 PENG WeiFu;Lü WeiSheng;HUANG Shan;ZENG YongJun;PAN XiaoHua;SHI QingHua(School of Agricultural Sciences,Jiangxi Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Genetic Breeding(Jiangxi Agricultural University),Ministry of Education,Nanchang 330045;College of Biology Science and Engineering,Jiangxi Agricultural University,Nanchang 330045;Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil/National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Red Soil Improvement/Scientific Observational and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation in Jiangxi,Ministry of Agriculture,Nanchang 331717)

机构地区：[1]江西农业大学农学院/教育部作物生理生态与遗传育种重点实验室,南昌330045 [2]江西农业大学生物科学与工程学院,南昌330045 [3]江西省红壤研究所/国家红壤改良工程技术研究中心/农业部江西耕地保育科学观测实验站,南昌331717

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2018年第18期3614-3624,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金："十三五"国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300903;2017YFD0301605);国家自然科学基金(31460336)

摘　　要：【目的】土壤肥力是红壤性稻田水稻丰产的基础。明确不同肥力对红壤性水稻土作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,为红壤性稻田土壤培肥和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】选取质地相似的不同肥力水平的红壤性水稻土进行盆栽试验(以土壤有机质的高低代表土壤肥力的高低),利用^(15)N同位素示踪技术研究不同肥力水平(F_L、F_M和F_H分别代表低肥力、中肥力和高肥力,其低、中、高肥力土壤的有机质含量分别为19.9、29.6、38.9 g·kg^(-1))和氮肥水平(N_0、N_(150)和N_(225)分别代表施氮量为0、150和225 kg·hm^(-2),共9个试验处理,分别为F_LN_0、F_LN_(150)、F_LN_(225)、F_MN_0、F_MN_(150)、F_MN_(225)、F_HN_0、F_HN_(150)和F_HN_(225))对水稻产量及其构成、氮肥吸收及其去向的影响。【结果】提升土壤肥力和施氮均能显著提高水稻的有效穗数、产量和总吸氮量。与N_0相比,F_L、F_M和F_H在N_(150)处理下的增产率分别为63%、40%、17%,而在N_(225)处理下的增产率分别为89%、55%和23%。在中、低肥力土壤上,增施氮肥能显著提高水稻产量,而F_HN_(150)和F_HN_(225)处理之间产量无显著差异。^(15)N示踪结果表明,相同施氮量条件下,水稻植株对肥料氮素和土壤氮素的吸收量均随土壤肥力的提高而增加。但是,水稻植株总吸氮量中来自土壤氮素的比例随土壤肥力的提高而增加,而来自肥料氮素的比例则随之降低。增施氮肥会增加水稻吸收肥料氮素的比例,降低其吸收土壤氮素的比例。F_L、F_M和F_H土壤水稻的平均氮肥回收率分别为42%、48%和52%,平均氮肥残留率分别为20%、23%和28%,平均氮肥损失率分别为38%、29%和20%。F_LN_(225)氮肥回收率显著高于F_LN_(150),F_M两个施氮量氮肥回收率无显著差异,而F_HN_(225)的氮肥回收率显著低于F_HN_(150)。提升土壤肥力能显著提高土壤微生物量氮、铵态氮和固定态铵的含量。【结论】提升【Objective】Soil fertility is the basis for high rice yield in the red paddy soil.It is critical to clarify the effects of different fertility levels on crop yield and nitrogen(N)use efficiency,thereby providing scientific evidence for soil fertility improvement and appropriate fertilizer management in red paddy soil.【Method】A pot experiment was carried out on red paddy soils with similar texture and different fertility levels(The level of soil organic matter represented the level of soil fertility)with the 15N isotopic tracer technique.The effects of soil fertility(FL,FM,and FH represent low,medium,and high fertility soils with a soil organic matter 19.9,29.6,38.9 g·kg-1,respectively)and N fertilizer rate(N0,N150,and N225 represent the N application rate at 0,150,and 225 kg·hm-2,respectively),with 9 treatments(FLN0,FLN150,FLN225,FMN0,FMN150,FMN225,FHN0,FHN150,and FHN225)on rice yield and its composition,N uptake and its fate were investigated.【Result】Increasing soil fertility and N fertilization significantly increased the number of effective panicles,yield,and total N uptake of rice.Compared with N0,FL,FM,and FH increased rice yield by 63%,40%and 17%under N150 treatment,respectively,with 89%,55%and 23%under N225 treatment,respectively.In medium and low fertility soils,increasing the N rate significantly increased rice yield,whereas no significant difference was found between the FHN150 and FHN225 treatments.Using the 15N tracing technique,we found that the uptake of fertilizer N and soil N by rice plants increased with the increasing soil fertility under the same N application rate.However,the proportion of N derived from soil(Ndfs)increased with the increasing soil fertility,while the proportion of N derived from fertilizer(Ndff)showed the opposite trend.Increasing N fertilization rate led to an increase in Ndff,while reducing Ndfs.The average N recovery efficiency(NRE)of FL,FM,and FH was 42%,48%and 52%,respectively;with the average N fertilizer residue rate of 20%,23%and 28%,and the average N fer

关 键 词：土壤肥力 15N示踪 红壤性水稻土 氮肥利用效率 氮肥去向 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学] S158