废奴运动与内战前美国主流政治话语的变迁——以“奴隶主权势”观念为中心的考察  

Abolition Movement and the Transformation of Mainstream Political Discourse in Antebellum America

作　　者：杜华 Du Hua

机构地区：[1]武汉大学历史学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2018年第5期37-52,157,共17页World History

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金"奴隶制与美国内战前的政治变迁(1820-1860)"(项目编号:2016M590706)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：19世纪初期,美国北部州出现了多个描述南部蓄奴州政治势力的观念。这些观念只是政党和地域之间的权力与利益争夺的工具,并未从道德和权利层面上反对奴隶制。30年代,废奴主义者构建出最初的"奴隶主权势"观念,认为存在一个由南部的奴隶主构成的邪恶、专制的权势集团,试图将奴隶制蔓延到全国,最终颠覆美国的自由体制。自由党在30年代末期兴起后,进一步强化"奴隶主权势"观念的政治色彩,并在州和全国政治舞台上广泛传播这一理念,强调"奴隶主权势"控制了联邦政府和两大政党,使其沦为维持和扩张奴隶制的工具。在1846开始的威尔莫特附文之争中,"奴隶主权势"观念进入美国主流政治,成为北部州议员的重要话语和修辞工具。"奴隶主权势"观念的演变表明,废奴运动虽然是一场社会改革运动,但是对内战前的美国政治同样产生了深远影响。In the early 19^th century,some concepts appeared in the northern states of America describing the political power of the southern slaveholding states,such as slave interests,slaveholding power,slaveholding interests,etc.All these concepts were mere tools of political parties and regions for the struggle of power and interests,but none of them condemned the slavery from the respects of morality and civil rights.In the 1830s,the abolitionists constructed the theory of‘slave power which believed that an evil power which was composed of the southern slave owners attempted to spread the slavery throughout the country and eventually subverted the American liberty system.Formed in the late 1830s,the Liberty Party constantly emphasized that the so-called‘slave power’had controlled the federal government and the two major parties,making all of them as a tool for the expansion and maintenance of slavery.The Liberty Party widely disseminated this idea at the state and national political arenas.In 1846,during the debate caused by Wilmot Proviso,the concept of‘slave power’eventually entered the mainstream politics,becoming a significant discourse and rhetorical strategy of many congressmen from the northern states.

关 键 词：美国内战 奴隶主权势 废奴运动 自由党 威尔莫特符文 政治话语 

分 类 号：K712.4[历史地理—历史学]