论塞维斯与弗里德文化演进理论的区别  

Differences between the Cultural Evolutionary Theories by Elman R. Service and Morton H. Fried

作　　者：易建平[1] Yi Jianping

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《世界历史》2018年第5期111-123,159,共14页World History

摘　　要：塞维斯与弗里德的文化演进理论是新进化论的两座丰碑,在人类学、民族学、考古学与历史学研究中影响巨大,并且,在中华文明探源工程实施过程中,在中国原始社会演进研究过程中,大有逐渐掩盖摩尔根学说的趋势。他们理论之间的联系与区别,学术界尤其中国学术界却多有不甚了解甚至误解之处。塞维斯与弗里德的"四阶段理论"看似相同,实际上却有着巨大的差异。区别最大的地方在于,塞维斯的平等社会划分为游团与部落两个阶段,弗里德则将其合二为一个游团阶段;前者向国家过渡之前的不平等阶段只有酋邦,后者则有阶等社会与分层社会两个阶段;前者的国家起源动因是酋邦集中领导权本身的发展演化,后者的则是占据优势的分层为保护分层秩序而最终将暴力合法化的努力。The theories proposed by Elman R.Service and Morton H.Fried respectively on cultural evolution are two monuments of neo-evolutionism,having significant influence on the studies of anthropology,ethnology,archaeology,and history.Moreover,in the studies of the origins of civilization and the evolution of the primitive societies in China,a tendency could be found that the above two theories gradually covered up the classic social evolution theory proposed by Lewis H.Morgan.However,there are many misunderstandings,especially among the Chinese scholars,in distinguishing the differences between Service's and Fried's theory.Both theories are composed of four social evolutionary stages,accordingly,they look almost like the same outwardly.Therefore,three major dissimilarities between the two theories will be discussed in this article.The egalitarian stage by Service is divided into the Band and the Tribe,whereas those two stages are combined by Fried into an Egalitarian society.The inegalitarian stage before the state by Service is only the chiefdom,while according to Fried,they are the ranked society and stratified society at the inegalitarian stage.On the other hand,the driving force for the formation of the state by Service is the evolution of the centralized leadership within the chiefdom,while based on Fried's theory,it is the efforts made by the dominant stratified class which eventually legalized their violence to protect the stratified order.

关 键 词：新进化论 塞维斯 弗里德 部落 分层社会 国家起源 

分 类 号：K107[历史地理—历史学]