小麦水氮耦合效应与水肥高效利用研究  

Studies on the Efficient Utilization and Coupling Effect of Nitrogen-water in Wheat

作　　者：李武超 李磊[1] 王炜 李晶晶[1] 尹钧[1] LI Wuchao;LI lei;WANG Wei;LI Jingjing;YIN Jun(National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046,China;Henan Institute of Science and Technology Strategy,Zhengzhou 450000,China)

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学国家小麦工程技术研究中心,河南郑州450046 [2]河南省科技战略研究所,河南郑州450000

出　　处：《华北农学报》2018年第5期232-238,共7页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica

基　　金：河南省基础与前沿技术研究项目(162300410167)

摘　　要：为了研究不同水氮耦合在小麦灌浆期的光合特征参数、水分利用效率及产量和耗水量等方面的效应,探索小麦高产高效水氮最佳组合。以半冬性小麦品种周麦22号为试验材料,通过防雨棚下子母盆栽的方法,在返青至拔节期土壤相对含水量55%的基础上,设置拔节至成熟期土壤相对含水量55%(H1)、65%(H2)、70%(H3)、75%(H4)、85%(H5) 5个水分水平;设置不施氮(0 kg/hm^2,N0)、施中氮(195 kg/hm^2,N1)和施高氮(270 kg/hm^2,N2) 3个氮素水平。结果表明,氮肥对产量、耗水系数和肥料利用效率的影响达极显著水平,水氮之间的交互效应达极显著水平。在施中氮和土壤相对含水量65%～70%的条件下,小麦整个灌浆时期的净光合速率、蒸腾速率显著高于其他处理,其中,花后10 d蒸腾速率超过11mmol/(m^2·s),灌浆速率提升15%～64%以上,水分利用效率高于1. 7 g/kg,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率分别高于15. 1,7. 5 kg/kg,是小麦获得较高水肥利用效率、最大灌浆速率及产量的最优组合。因此认为,施氮量195 kg/hm^2,拔节至成熟期土壤相对含水量65%～70%的条件下,小麦获得高产的同时能够兼顾水肥高效利用。Semiwinter wheat variety Zhoumai 22 was used as material to study the effects of different water-nitrogen combinations on photosynthetic characteristics,water use efficiency,water consumption and yield during the grain filling period of wheat,in order to determine the optimal combination of high yield and high efficiency utilization of water-nitrogen for wheat.The experiment was carried out using pot cultivation under rain shelter,setting up five water level:the relative soil water content of 55%(H1),65%(H2),70%(H3),75%(H4)and 85%(H5)from jointing to mature period on the basis of the relative soil water content of 55%from returning green stage to jointing stage,and 3 nitrogen level:no nitrogen(0 kg/ha,N0),medium nitrogen(195 kg/ha,N1)and high nitrogen(270 kg/ha,N2).The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer had a extremely significant effect on yield,water consumption coefficient and fertilizer use efficiency,and the interaction between water and nitrogen was extremely significant.Under the conditions of 65%-70%soil relative water content and medium nitrogen,the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of wheat were significantly higher than that of other treatments during the whole grain filling period,of which the transpiration rate of 10 d after flowering was over 11 mmol/(m 2·s),the grain filling rate increased 15%~64%,the water use efficiency was over 1.7 g/kg,while the partial productivity and the agricultural utilization of nitrogen fertilizer were over 15.1,7.5 kg/kg,respectively.It was the best combination for wheat to obtain high efficiency utilization of water-nitrogen,maximum grain filling rate and grain yield.Thus,it is concluded that the combination of 195 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer and 65%-70%soil relative water content from jointing stage to maturity stage not only give the highest yields,but also have the highest WUE,nitrogen partial productivity(NPEP)and nitrogen agronomic use efficiency(NAUE).

关 键 词：小麦 水氮耦合 水分利用效率 产量 

分 类 号：S152.7[农业科学—土壤学] S143.1[农业科学—农业基础科学]