1993—2016年我国职业中毒现状分析及防治对策  

Analysis on current situation of occupational poisoning in China from 1993 to 2016 and prevention and control countermeasures

作　　者：孙国翔 周川 杨小兵 杨博[2] 刘艳艳[1] 陈先锋[1] SUN Guoxiang;ZHOU Chuan;YANG Xiaobing;YANG Bo;LIU Yanyan;CHEN Xianfeng(School of Resources and Environmental Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China;Research Institute of Chemical Defense,Beijing 100191,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉理工大学资源与环境工程学院,湖北武汉430070 [2]防化研究院,北京100191

出　　处：《中国安全生产科学技术》2018年第10期187-192,共6页Journal of Safety Science and Technology

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0804907);核化应急救援科研基金项目(W3105;W3106);国家自然科学基金项目(51504174);中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(185208005)

摘　　要：为了全面了解我国职业中毒现状,进而制定更有针对性的防治对策,通过对1993—2016年国家卫生部公布的全国职业病数据进行统计分析,深入探讨我国职业中毒的发生状况及规律。分析结果显示:中国患职业病人数居高不下,呈波动上升趋势,2016年达31 789例;每年职业中毒病例占据职业病例3.7%~34.1%,是除尘肺病外发生次数最多的职业病;急性职业中毒病例在每年职业中毒病例中占据比例较小,而慢性职业中毒病例较多;引起急性职业中毒的化学品主要是CO和H2S,主要发病行业为化工、冶金、有色金属、轻工和煤炭等,而化工行业发病频率最高;铅及其化合物、苯以及三硝基甲苯是引起慢性职业中毒的主要危险化学品,发病主要集中在有色金属、冶金、机械和电子等行业。在以上分析结果基础上,建议监督管理部门加强对相关行业的监管,督促落实职业中毒防治措施,开展安全教育与培训,增强劳动者职业中毒的防范意识。In order to fully understand the current situation of occupational poisoning in China,thus formulate the more targeted prevention and control countermeasures,the statistical analysis was carried out on the data of national occupational diseases released by the Ministry of Health of China from 1993 to 2016,and the occurrence status and laws of occupational poisoning in China were discussed deeply.The results showed that the number of people with the occupational diseases in China stayed at a high level and presented the trend of fluctuation rise,which reached 31789 in 2016.The cases of occupational poisoning accounted for 3.7%~34.1%of the total cases of occupational diseases every year,and it was the occupational disease with the most frequency except the pneumoconiosis.The proportion of acute occupational poisoning was less in the annual occupational poisoning cases,while that of chronic occupational poisoning was more.The acute occupational poisoning was mainly caused by the chemical exposure such as CO and H 2S,and the major incidence industries included the chemical,township enterprises,light and coal industries,while the incidence frequency of the chemical industry was the largest.The lead and its compounds,benzene and trinitrotoluene were the main dangerous chemicals causing the chronic occupational poisoning,and the incidence mainly concentrated on the nonferrous metals,metallurgy,mechanical and electronic industries.On the basis of the above analysis results,it was suggested that the supervision and administration departments should strengthen the supervision on the related industries,supervise the implementation of the prevention and control measures of occupational poisoning,conduct the safety training and education,and enhance the prevention awareness of occupational poisoning for the workers.

关 键 词：职业病 职业中毒 规律 措施 

分 类 号：X965[环境科学与工程—安全科学]