杨彦迪:1644～1684年中越海域边界的海盗、反叛者及英雄  

“Righteous Yang”:Pirate,Rebel and Hero on the Sino-Vietnamese Water Frontier,1640-1688

作　　者：安乐博[1] Antony Robert

机构地区：[1]澳门大学历史系

出　　处：《海洋史研究》2016年第1期261-281,共21页Studies of Maritime History

摘　　要：己未三十一年春正月,故明将龙门总兵杨彦迪、副将黄进,高雷廉总兵陈上川、副将陈安平,率兵三千余人,战船五十余艘,投思容、沱灢海口,自陈以明国逋臣,义不事清,故来,愿为臣仆。时议以彼异俗殊音,猝难任使,而穷逼来归,不忍拒绝。真腊国东浦(嘉定古别名),地方沃野千里,朝廷未遐经理,不如因彼之力,使辟地以居,一举而三得也。上从之。乃命宴劳嘉奖,仍各授以官职,令往东浦居之。——《大南寔录前编》卷五这是《大南寔录》里关于杨彦迪如何来到越南的记载。杨最终驻扎在湄公河口的美湫(距今天的西贡约70公里),在那里他和他的部众受到阮朝的庇护与支持,杨与其部众开始从事商业、农业、渔业,偶尔对过往的船只进行掠夺。为答谢新主,杨与柬埔寨作战,帮助阮朝巩固控制越南南部。他以明朝遗民的身份拜见阮主,不过在这之前杨彦迪还有着丰富多彩的海盗经历。本文探讨的是这个鲜为人知却极其重要的人物——杨彦迪(也叫杨二,或更通俗的称法杨义)在到达美湫之前的经历。In Vietnamese history Yang Yandi is known as a Ming refugee who,under the direction of the Nguyen lord of Cochinchina,settled in the Mekong Delta,where he helped to establish the town of My Tho.Prior to taking asylum in Vietnam as a Ming loyalist,he had a colorful career as a pirate,rebel and local hero.This article is a case study of this little known but important figure,known variously as Yang Yandi,Yang Er,and more colloquially as“Righteous Yang”(Yang Yi).My focus is on his multiple identities as pirate,rebel and hero.Born in southwestern coastal China in the early seventeenth century,he made a name for himself during the turbulent Ming-Qing transition in Gulf of Tonkin,a nebulous water frontier separating Vietnam and China.Based on written historical documents,including Qing archives,the Veritable Records of Vietnam and China,and local gazetteers,as well as fieldwork in the region conducted over the past six years,I argue that piracy,in its multiple forms,was a persistent and intrinsic feature of this water frontier and that it was a dynamic and significant force in the region s history and development.Yang Yandi,who began his outlaw career as a local,petty pirate in the 1640s,became the most influential and formidable pirate in the gulf between the 1650s and 1680s.At the same time he also became involved in the anti-Qing resistance movements.In the 1670s,he collaborated with the Zheng regime in Taiwan,and after the latter s demise Yang led several thousand followers back to the gulf where they established bases on Longmen and nearby islands.In 1682,when the Qing military finally drove the pirates from their bases,Yang led about 3,000 followers to Vietnam,finally settling at My Tho.In 1688 a subordinate assassinated Yang in an apparent power struggle.This was an age of chaos and anarchy,a time when individuals like Yang Yandi could possess many identities and affiliations.In the late seventeenth century the Gulf of Tonkin became a haven for pirates,rebels and refugees.

关 键 词：海盗 海域 英雄 柬埔寨 越南 龙门 战船 公里 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]