荷兰东印度公司与中国海寇(1621～1662)  

The Company's Chinese Pirates:How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to War against China(1621-1662)

作　　者：欧阳泰 陈博翼(译者) Tonio Andrade(Emory University;Washington University in St.Louis)

机构地区：[1]埃默里大学历史系 [2]圣路易斯华盛顿大学

出　　处：《海洋史研究》2015年第1期229-255,共27页Studies of Maritime History

摘　　要：十七世纪初,荷兰东印度公司骤至中国水域,试图开展对华贸易。他们要求自由贸易,然而被不信任“红毛夷”及其强大舰队的中国官员断然回绝。然而这批同样的官员却经常向中国的海寇许以高位以劝其放弃不法的生活。当看到海寇接二连三变为显贵时,荷兰人渐感挫败。他们想知道:为何海寇可以因罪得赏而我们的公司却被无视?考虑到“中国的海寇……能充分向我们展示怎样并且以什么方式向中华帝国施压”,荷兰人于是决定实行一项巧妙的计划:联合海寇攻击中国,他们设想在此之后中国的官员们将同意他们进行自由贸易。When the Dutch arrived in East Asia in the early seventeenth century,they had trouble persuading Chinese officials to grant them trade privilegesYet these same officials gave official titles to Chinese pirates as part of a“summon and appease”(zhaofu)policy in the hope that the pirates would abandon crime for more civilized pursuitsAfter a decade of frustrations,the Dutch decided to take a page from the piratesplaybook and tried to unite the pirates to attack ChinaThe pirate war against China did not go well for the Dutch,who failed to unite the pirates under their leadershipNonetheless,they did eventually reach a modus vivendi with Chinese officials and began trading regularly with ChinaYet after the collapse of the Ming Empire in 1644,the Dutch increasingly suffered competition from an expirate organization:the powerful Zheng familyIts leader,Zheng Chenggong,created a loyalist state with maritime pretensionsSo long as the company was competing against private Chinese seamen who lacked state support,it was able to hold its ownBut once these seamen were united in the framework of a maritime Chinese state,the company could not prevail.

关 键 词：东印度公司 中国海 荷兰人 自由贸易 中国水域 官员 

分 类 号：K133[历史地理—历史学]