黄淮海夏玉米一次性施肥技术效应研究  

The Effects of One-off Fertilization of Summer Maize in Huang-Huai-Hai Region

作　　者：杨岩[1,2] 谭德水 江丽华[1,3] 郭建华[4] 孙克刚 徐钰[1] 石璟[1] 王梅[1] 刘兆辉[6] YANG Yan;TAN DeShui;JIANG LiHua;GUO JianHua;SUN KeGang;XU Yu;SHI Jing;WANG Mei;LIU ZhaoHui(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,Jinan 250100;Key Laboratory of Wastes Matrix Utilization,Ministry of Agriculture,Jinan 250100;Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation(Shandong),Ministry of Agriculture,Jinan 250100;Beijing Research Center for Information Technology in Agriculture,Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,Beijing 100097;Institute of Plant Nutrition,Agricultural Resources and Environmental Science,Henan Academy of Agricultural Science/Henan Key Laboratory of Agricultural Eco-Environment,Zhengzhou 450002;Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100)

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/山东省植物营养与肥料重点实验室,济南250100 [2]农业部废弃物基质化利用重点实验室,济南250100 [3]农业部山东耕地保育科学观测实验站,济南250100 [4]北京市农林科学院北京农业信息技术研究中心,北京100097 [5]河南省农业科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所/河南省农业生态与环境重点实验室,郑州450002 [6]山东省农业科学院,济南250100

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2018年第20期3909-3919,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0200600);农业部行业专项(201303103);山东省重点研发计划(2016ZDJS08A02)

摘　　要：【目的】研究一次性施肥技术对黄淮海夏玉米产量、肥料利用效率和经济效益的影响,为黄淮海夏玉米区实现减肥增效、节本增收及轻简化生产技术的筛选提供理论依据。【方法】2015年和2016年在河北、河南、山东三省选择8个试验地点进行控释氮肥随夏玉米播种一次性施用大田试验。与普通氮肥分次施用(习惯施肥(FP)和优化施肥(OPT))对比,通过设置控释氮肥等量投入(CRFA)、减量20%控释氮肥投入(CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N和CRFC80%N),研究一次性施肥技术对黄淮海夏玉米经济效益的影响,并验证一次性施肥技术的减量施氮可行性。【结果】(1)与农民习惯施肥(FP)相比,一次性施肥处理对黄淮海区夏玉米株高、穗部性状和两年的平均产量均无显著影响,氮肥农学效率和表观利用率虽有所提高,但未达显著性差异;但一次性减氮施肥处理较FP处理,氮肥偏生产力显著提高了33.85%以上(P<0.05)。此外,CRFA、CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N和CRFC80%N处理相比农民习惯施肥(FP),每季平均节氮量分别为8.15、50.65、50.65、50.65 kg N·hm^(-2),增加纯收入927.40元/hm^2以上。(2)除CRFA处理外,其余一次性施肥处理的硝态氮量均显著低于习惯施肥处理(FP);一次性减氮施肥处理(CRFA80%N、CRFB80%N、CRFC80%N)0—90 cm土层NO_3^--N含量显著低于优化施肥处理(OPT)(P<0.05)。【结论】一次性施肥技术实现了黄淮海夏玉米的轻简化施肥,提高了氮肥的利用效率,能够在保证稳产增产的前提下,实现氮肥的减量施用;推荐减少20%氮用量的CRFA施肥模式在黄淮海夏玉米生产上一次性施用。【Objective】In order to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of simplified production techniques,to realize the fertilizer reduction and increasing efficiency,saving cost and increasing income in Huang-Huai-Hai region,the effects of one-off fertilization on the yield,nitrogen use efficiency and economic effects of summer maize were studied.【Method】The field experiments of one-off application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer on maize was carried out in 8 test points selecting from Hebei,Henan and Shandong province from 2015 to 2016,the economic effects of one-off fertilization on summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region were studied to verify the feasibility of the nitrogen reduction of one-off fertilization.the one-off fertilization treatments of CRFA(the amount of nitrogen input in controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was equivalent to OPT treatment),CRFA80%N,CRFB80%N and CRFC80%N(with the amount of nitrogen input in controlled release nitrogen fertilizer was 20%reduction)were set to compare with the multiple application of common nitrogen fertilizer(FP treatment and OPT treatment).【Result】(1)Compared with FP treatment,the one-off fertilization had no significant effect on plant height,ear characters,and the average value of 2 years’yield of summer maize in Huang-Huai-Hai region,even though the N agronomic efficiency(NAE)and N recovery efficiency(NER)had been increased;However,partial factor productivity from applied N(PFPN)of one-off reduced fertilization were significantly improved more than 33.85%.In addition,there were 8.15,50.65,50.65 and 50.65 kg N·hm^-2 saving of the CRFA,CRFA80%N,CRFB80%N and CRFC80%N treatment in one maize season,respectively.one-off fertilization increased net income more than 927.40 yuan·hm^-2.(2)In addition to the CRFA treatment,the NO3^--N contents of the remaining treatments of one-off fertilization were significantly lower than FP,and 0-90 cm soil NO3^--N content of the treatments of one-off reduced fertilization(CRFA80%N,CRFB80%N,CRFC80%N)were sign

关 键 词：黄淮海 夏玉米 一次性施肥 减肥 增效 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]