控释氮肥减施对春玉米产量、氮素吸收及转运的影响  

Effect of Reduced Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Yield, Nitrogen Absorption and Transportation of Spring Maize

作　　者：尹彩侠[1] 李前[1] 孔丽丽[1] 秦裕波[1] 王蒙 于雷[1] 刘春光[1] 王立春[1] 侯云鹏[1] YIN CaiXia;LI Qian;KONG LiLi;QIN YuBo;WANG Meng;YU Lei;LIU ChunGuang;WANG LiChun;HOU YunPeng(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region,Ministry of Agriculture,Changchun 130033)

机构地区：[1]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,长春130033

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2018年第20期3941-3950,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家公益性行业(农业)专项(201303103);吉林省农业科技创新工程(CXGC2017ZY012)

摘　　要：【目的】针对吉林省春玉米区氮肥施用不合理、氮肥利用效率下降的问题,通过田间试验研究控释氮肥较农民习惯用量减施条件下,春玉米的干物质形成与养分需求规律及分配特征,为控释氮肥在吉林省春玉米上的合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】于2013—2014年连续2年在吉林省公主岭市刘房子镇开展试验,供试玉米品种为先玉335,试验共设置了5个施肥处理,分别为不施氮肥(CK),农民习惯施肥(FP),推荐施肥(OPT,较FP减氮25%),控释氮肥1(CRU1,施氮量同OPT),控释氮肥2(CRU2,较FP减氮40%)。通过2年田间定位试验,系统分析了春玉米不同生育期植株生物量和氮素累积以及成熟期的分配特征,并研究了不同施氮处理对玉米产量、氮肥利用效率及氮素转运效率的影响。【结果】不同施氮处理间产量及产量构成因子差异显著,且年际和处理间的交互作用也达到极显著水平。玉米产量并未因施氮量的减少而降低,且有小幅度增产。CRU1处理的玉米产量高于FP处理,两年平均增产4.5%,但与OPT处理产量相比差异并不显著。控释氮肥减量施用提高了氮肥生理效率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率,CRU1处理较FP处理,氮肥生理效率提高了28.5%,氮肥农学利用率提高了4.9 kg·kg^(-1),氮肥偏生产力提高了18.1 kg·kg^(-1),氮肥利用率提高了18.4%。春玉米干物质积累量随生育时期的推移呈快-慢-快的积累动态,且年际间变化趋势基本相一致,CRU1处理玉米地上部干物质积累量较FP处理增加了7.7%。控释氮肥适量减施不影响植株后期氮素的累积与分配,还可以提升植株氮素的吸收利用能力,促进花后植株养分的转运效率。CRU1处理玉米地上部氮素累积量较FP处理增加了5.0%,CRU1处理对籽粒的贡献率最高,两年平均为62.1%,较FP处理提高13.3%。【结论】控释氮肥减量25%(180 kg·hm^(-2))施用不降低玉米产量,还可有�【Objective】The field experiment was conducted to research the formation of dry matter,nutrient requirement and distribution characteristics of spring maize when the rate of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer(CRU)was lower than that of farmers conventional fertilization,to cope with the unreasonable nitrogen fertilizer application and the decrease of the nitrogen utilization efficiency of spring maize in Jilin province.The study aimed to evaluate the effect of CRU on yield,nitrogen absorption and transportation,and to provide scientific references to the reasonable CRU application of spring maize in Jilin province.【Method】The field experiment was carried out in Liufangzi village,Gongzhuling city,Jilin province from 2013 to 2014.The maize variety was Xianyu335 in this experiment.It consisted of five fertilization treatments,including no nitrogen fertilizer(CK),farmer conventional fertilization(FP),recommended fertilization(OPT,the N fertilizer rate was less than that of FP by 25%),the N fertilizer rate was the same as OPT(CRU1),and the N fertilizer rate was less than that of FP by 40%(CRU2).The two-year study systematically analyzed the maize plant biomass,nitrogen accumulation at different growth stages and distribution characteristics at mature stage,and studied the effects of maize yield,nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen transportation efficiency under different nitrogen fertilization treatments.【Result】There were significant differences between yield and its components of different nitrogen treatments,and the interaction between years and treatments was extremely significant difference.Maize yield increased slightly with decreasing of nitrogen application rate.The higher yield of CRU1 treatment was significantly higher than that of FP treatment by 4.5%in the average two years,but the yield was no significant difference between CRU1 and OPT treatments.Reduced CRU application increased nitrogen physiological efficiency(NPE),agricultural efficiency(NAE),partial factor productivity(NPFP)a

关 键 词：春玉米 控释氮肥 减量施用 产量 氮素累积 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]