我国典型作物用水特征及现代农业灌溉技术模式  

Water Use Features of Typical Crops and Technical Modes of Modern Agriculture Irrigation in China

作　　者：张宝忠[1,2] 彭致功[1,2] 雷波[1,2] 杜丽娟[1,2] 王蕾[1,2] 刘钰[1,2] Zhang Baozhong;Peng Zhigong;Lei Bo;Du Lijuan;Wang Lei;Liu Yu(State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China;National Center of Efficient Irrigation Engineering and Technology Research–Beijing,Beijing 100048,China)

机构地区：[1]中国水利水电科学研究院流域水循环模拟与调控国家重点实验室,北京100038 [2]国家节水灌溉北京工程技术研究中心,北京100048

出　　处：《中国工程科学》2018年第5期77-83,共7页Strategic Study of CAE

基　　金：中国工程院咨询项目"中国农业资源环境若干战略问题研究"(2016-ZD-10);中国水利水电科学研究院基本科研业务费专项(ID0145B082017;ID0145B742017;ID0145B492017)

摘　　要：理清农作物用水特征、灌溉技术模式、现代农业灌溉体系等问题,对提高农业用水效率和实现农业水资源持续利用具有重要现实意义。本文以我国综合农业分区为基础,重点以黄淮海小麦产区、东北水稻产区、长江中下游水稻产区、四川盆地水稻产区、内蒙古东部牧区、广西甘蔗产区及新疆棉花产区等为主要分区,分析了典型作物的灌溉制度特点与规律,筛选出优化技术模式,同时提出了现代农业灌溉的技术特点及政策保障体系。主要结论如下:(1)对各综合农业分区主要作物采用优化灌溉制度,保证作物缺水敏感期水分供应,节约灌溉水量,稳产同时提高水分生产率;(2)针对各综合分区特点及限制因素,筛选出先进节水技术模式并推广应用,确保优化灌溉制度精准实施,实现了区域农业综合生产能力提高;(3)为适应和支撑现代农业生产和经营体系,提出了基于信息技术的现代灌溉技术及其相应的融资机制、水权管理机制等政策保障体系。A survey of field crop water use features,agricultural irrigation technical modes,and modern agriculture irrigation systems is of instrumental and practical value to improve agricultural water use efficiency and achieve sustainable utilization of agricultural water resources.This paper analyzes the irrigation schedules of typical crops,covering in particular the Huanghuaihai Plains(the Yellow River,the Huai River,and the Hai River)wheat belt,the Northeast rice belt,the rice belt in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,the Sichuan Basin rice belt,the eastern Inner Mongolia pasture,the Guangxi sugar cane belt,and the Xinjiang cotton belt,all classified according to the Chinese comprehensive agriculture zonation,and arrives at some optimal technology modes.Meanwhile,the technical features of modern agricultural irrigation are summarized and a policy assurance system for it is proposed.The main conclusions are as follows:①Applying optimized irrigation program to major crops in each comprehensive agricultural zone not only ensures water supply in the sensitive water shortage period,but also saves irrigation water,stabilizes yields,and improves water productivity;②In view of the characteristics and restraints in each zone,advanced water-saving technology modes are recommended and promoted,which supports the precision implementation of the optimized irrigation program and improves the comprehensive production capacity of regional agriculture;③To match and support the modern agricultural production and management system,an IT-based modern irrigation technology and its corresponding financing mechanism and water rights management mechanism,among other policy assurance systems,are proposed.

关 键 词：灌溉需水量 用水效率 技术模式 现代农业 

分 类 号：S274[农业科学—农业水土工程]