清官修《明史》对万历朝鲜之役的历史书写  

Accounts of the Wanli Korean Campaign in the Official Ming History Compiled under the Qing

作　　者：孙卫国[1] Sun Weiguo

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院,教授。天津300350

出　　处：《历史研究》2018年第5期21-37,189,共18页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目"中韩(朝)古代史学之交流与比较"(13BZS008)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：清官修《明史》历经90余年,万斯同《明史稿》、王鸿绪《明史稿》及张廷玉主持修纂的殿本《明史》,是不同撰修阶段最为重要的明史书。对于万历朝鲜之役人物传记的历史书写,万斯同颇为重视,王鸿绪不够重视,张廷玉则加以否定和抹杀。在张廷玉的《明史》中,《神宗本纪》奠定否定朝鲜之役的基调;东征朝鲜明将领的入传,或因家族,或因播州之役,或因辽东事变,几乎无人是因朝鲜之役入传的;《朝鲜传》对于相关人物与战役,采取否定、贬低的负面评价。其原因一方面是由于史源影响,《明神宗实录》的编者因为杨镐要为萨尔浒之败负责,实录中也就依从丁应泰的说法,否定杨镐及明军在朝鲜的战绩;另一方面是出于现实政治的需要,因为东征朝鲜的将士后来在辽东成为后金的对手,为了塑造清朝的正统性,必须对他们采取否定态度。这是决定清官修《明史》对万历朝鲜之役历史书写的两个主要原困。Compilation of the official Ming History(Ming Shi)by imperial officials took more than 90 years.In different stages of the project,Wan Sitong’s Ming Shi Gao(Draft Ming History),Wang Hongxu’s work with the same name and Zhang Tingyu’s imperial edition of the Ming History constitute the most important versions of Ming history.Wan Sitong gave considerable attention to the biographies of participants in the Wanli era Korean campaign;Wang Hongxu gave them scant notice;and Zhang Tingyu repudiated and obliterated them.In the latter’s Ming History,“Imperial Annals of Emperor Shenzong”(Shenzong Benji)sets the tone for the negation of the Korean campaign.Those of the campaign’s generals who gained a biography in the history did so either because of family connections or because they were involved in the Bozhou campaign or the Liaodong incident;almost none was admitted to the history on the strength of participation in the Korean campaign.The section on Korea gives a negative evaluation of the relevant figures and the campaign,rejecting and belittling them.The reasons for this were twofold.One was the influence of the history’s source material:since Yang Gao had to be held responsible for the defeat in the battle of Sa’erhu,the compilers of the Veritable Record of the Ming Emperor Shenzong(Ming Shenzong Shilu)accepted Ding Yingtai’s version of events and rejected the military feats of Yang Gao and the Ming army in Korea.The other arose from immediate political needs.Because the forces that participated in the eastern expedition to Korea subsequently became opponents of the later Jin dynasty in Liaodong,they had to be given a negative appraisal in order to foster Qing legitimacy.These factors determined the attitude of the Qing dynasty’s official Ming History to the Wanli Korean campaign.

关 键 词：《明史》 《明史稿》 张廷玉 万历朝鲜之役 

分 类 号：K248.3[历史地理—历史学] K312.3[历史地理—中国史]