美国威尔逊政府对华政策转变探源  

On the Origin of Changes in the Wilson Administration's China Policy

作　　者：马建标[1] Ma Jianbiao

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史系,上海200433

出　　处：《历史研究》2018年第5期106-122,191,共18页Historical Research

摘　　要：辛亥革命爆发后,列强以"六国银行团"的形式重新结盟,将对中华民国政府的外交承认与对华贷款问题捆绑,借机攫取更大利益。受英日排挤,美国失去对华"金元外交"主导权。民国的建立刺激了美国宗教界基督教化中国的热情,在华传教士联合美国政经界人士制造舆论,批判塔夫脱政府与列强的沆瀣一气和趁火打劫不符合"美国精神",敦促政府尽快承认民国。民主党利用舆论攻势,赢得大选。与宗教界关系密切的威尔逊就任总统后,放弃与列强在对华承认问题上的攻守同盟,退出银行团,开启单边外交。民国外交人士为美国宗教界的造势活动穿针引线,在威尔逊政府转变对华政策一时受阻的情况下,发起号召基督徒为中华民国祈祷的"祈祷策略",进一步刺激美国的宗教热情,助推美国政府正式承认中华民国。威尔逊政府再度获得对华外交主动权,并开启了近代"中美特殊关系"新局面。With the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911,the powers renewed their alliance in the form of a six-power banking consortium and tied the issue of diplomatic recognition of the Republican government to acceptance of loan by the Chinese government,seizing the opportunity to expand their interests.Squeezed out by the British and Japanese,the United States lost its say in the powers’“dollar diplomacy”with China.The establishment of the Republic of China sparked the enthusiasm of American Christians for the Christianization of China.American missionaries to China and US political and economic circles worked up public opinion,denouncing the Taft administration’s complicity with the great powers and its opportunistic profiting from Chinese disarray as“un-American”and urging the US government to recognize the Republic of China as early as possible,in attacks used by the Democratic Party to win the next general election.Wilson had close ties with religious circles.As president,he abandoned America’s offensive and defensive alliance with the great powers on the issue of recognition and withdrew from the bank consortium,launching unilateral diplomacy.Republican diplomats acted as go-betweens in rallying the faithful.When the Wilson administration’s China policy encountered obstacles,a“prayer strategy”was launched that called for Christians to pray for the Republic of China,providing them with further inspiration and encouraging the government to recognize the Republic.The Wilson administration once again gained the diplomatic initiative in China,opening up a new pattern in the prewar special relationship of the two countries.

关 键 词：辛亥革命 基督教 民国外交 伍德罗·威尔逊 中美关系 

分 类 号：D829.712[政治法律—政治学]