核武器、美苏关系与冷战的起源  

Nuclear Arms,US-Soviet Relations and the Origin of the Cold War

作　　者：赵学功[1] Zhao Xuegong

机构地区：[1]南开大学世界近现代史研究中心,教授。天津300350

出　　处：《历史研究》2018年第5期123-147,192,共26页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"核武器与美国对外关系研究"(12BSS033)阶段性成果

摘　　要：第二次世界大战中,美英两国联手研制原子弹,由此确定了双方对核武器的垄断。虽然美国政府主要出于减少美军伤亡和加速战争进程的双重需要对日本实施了核打击,但此举对美苏关系产生了深刻影响。围绕着核武器垄断与反垄断,美苏之间展开了激烈较量。美国将原子弹视为实现政治和外交目标的重要工具,对苏政策愈发强硬;而苏联则采取针锋相对的态度,加紧核武器研制。尽管出于政治和宣传需要,双方都表示赞成对原子能实施国际控制,但实际上双方立场迥异,且互不让步,最终导致原子能国际控制计划以失败告终。核武器虽然并非冷战的产物,但在促使战时美英苏同盟瓦解、冷战发生的过程中起到重要作用。In World War II,the joint development of the atom bomb by the United States and Britain meant that the two shared a monopoly of nuclear weapons.Although the main reason the US launched a nuclear attack on Japan was to reduce its military casualties and shorten the war,this act had a profound impact on US-Soviet relations.The US and the Soviet Union fiercely contested the preservation or abandonment of the nuclear monopoly.The United States,which regarded the atom bomb as an important tool for achieving its political and foreign policy goals,toughened its Soviet policy,while the Soviet Union adopted a tit-for-tat approach and sped up its nuclear program.Despite their political and propaganda needs,both sides expressed support for international control of atomic energy,but in fact the differences in their positions and their refusal to compromise meant that this move ended in failure.Although nuclear weapons were not a Cold War product,they played an important role in the collapse of the alliance among the US,Britain and the Soviet Union and in the development of the Cold War.

关 键 词：核武器 原子外交 冷战起源 原子能国际控制 美苏关系 

分 类 号：K153[历史地理—历史学]