有机肥替代氮化肥对叶菜产量品质和土壤氮淋失的影响  

Chemical N fertilizer replaced with organic fertilizer affecting yield and quality of leaf vegetable and N leaching in soils

作　　者：徐大兵 赵书军[1,2] 袁家富 彭成林[1,2] 周剑雄 夏贤格[1] 佀国涵 Xu Dabing;Zhao Shujun;Yuan Jiafu;Peng Chenglin;Zhou Jianxiong;Xia Xiange;Si Guohan(Key Laboratory of Fertilization from Agricultural Wastes,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan 430064,China;Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer,Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Wuhan 430064,China)

机构地区：[1]农业农村部废弃物肥料化利用重点实验室,武汉430064 [2]湖北省农业科学院植保土肥研究所,武汉430064

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2018年第B11期13-18,共6页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：西南高山高原露地蔬菜化肥农药减施技术模式建立与示范(2018YFD0201210)

摘　　要：有机氮替代化肥氮是化肥减施的措施之一。2015和2016年2 a连续种植5季叶菜类蔬菜,研究有机氮替代化肥氮对叶菜产量、品质和土壤氮淋失的影响。结果表明:小白菜和生菜有机肥氮替代化肥氮的比例达到25%,而大白菜秧替代比例达到25%～50%时能够获得与常规施肥相当的叶菜产量。有机氮替代比例达到50%以上可以显著降低小白菜硝酸盐含量,仅100%施用有机肥氮才能显著降低生菜和大白菜秧硝酸盐含量,而在第5季有机氮替代化肥氮处理均提高了小白菜Vc含量。不同施肥处理对生菜游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和糖酸比的影响较小,高量有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例(50%～100%)对小青菜可溶性糖和糖酸比的影响主要在第一季,100%施用有机肥氮才能增加大白菜秧可溶性糖和总酸的含量。随着有机氮替代比例的增加,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量逐渐降低,与单施化肥相比,有机肥氮替代化肥处理0～20cm土壤硝态氮和铵态氮减少了10.67%～16.11%和23.13%～69.03%,而>20～40cm土壤硝态氮和铵态氮减少了21.15%～60.77%和2.04%～10.20%。因此,对于叶菜类蔬菜而言,有机肥氮替代25%～50%化肥氮能够获得较好的产质量并减少硝态氮环境风险。Application of organic nitrogen amendments and reduction of chemical fertilizer are considered as an effective approach in sustainable agriculture.5 field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen in organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer nitrogen(0,25%,50%,75%and 100%,and marked as 100CF,25OM75CF,50OM50CF,75OM25CF and 100OM)on the yields and qualities of leaf vegetables and soil nitrogen residues.The results list as follow:when compared with conventional fertilization(100CF),the similar leaf vegetables yield of pakchoi was obtained by the organic N fertilizer instead of 25%chemical N fertilizer in the first season,and 25%-100%in the second and fifth season.The treatments with the organic N fertilizer instead of 25%chemical N fertilizer gained the same yield of lettuce comparing with 100CF.For Chinese cabbage seeding,there was no difference on the yield among these different treatments.The nitrate content of pakchoi could be significantly reduced when the substitution ratio of organic nitrogen was above 50%.Only the treatments of organic N fertilizer instead of 100%chemical N fertilizer could significantly reduce the nitrate content of the Chinese cabbage seeding and the lettuce leaf.Among the 3 leafy vegetables,the highest nitrate content was obtained by pakchoi,and the lowest nitrate content was gotten by lettuce.But the treatments with organic nitrogen instead obtained much more Vitamin C(Vc)content compared with chemical fertilizer treatment in the fifth season.There was no difference on free amino acid,soluble sugar and sugar-acid ratio of lettuce among these different treatments.The treatments with high organic N fertilizer replaced chemical N fertilizer ratio(50%-100%)mainly affected the soluble sugar and sugar-acid ratio of pakchoi in the first season.The treatment with 100%organic N fertilizer instead ratio could increase the soluble sugar and total acid content of Chinese cabbage seeding.After fertilization,the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen mainly

关 键 词：氮 土壤 化肥 淋失 有机肥 叶菜 产量 品质 

分 类 号：S147[农业科学—肥料学]