海上劳动关系中欠薪争议刑事化问题研究——以刑民行之互动为中心  

A study of the criminalization of back pay disputes in maritime labor relationship on the basis of the interaction among criminal law,civil law and administrative law

作　　者：夏亮 XIA Liang(School of Marine Culture and Law,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 200129,China)

机构地区：[1]上海海洋大学海洋文化与法律学院,上海200129

出　　处：《云南师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2018年第6期50-62,共13页Journal of Yunnan Normal University：Humanities and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"完善我国海洋法律体系研究"(15ZDB178);上海市高校青年科研骨干培养计划("晨光计划")项目"海船航行安全法律制度中公法规则与私法规则协调研究"(13CGB21);农业农村部渔业渔政管理局项目"有关国家和国际组织渔业监管制度以及执法机制对<渔业法>修订的借鉴和启示"(171821301354051000);上海海洋大学博士科研启动基金项目"全球海洋治理视角下的远洋渔民权益保护法律问题研究"(A2-0203-00-100368);上海海洋大学科技发展基金(人文社科类)项目"跨国渔业犯罪的多元法律规制及其协调研究"(A2-0203-00-100401)

摘　　要：海上劳动者是恶意欠薪的主要受害群体之一,但尚未受到刑法足够关注和保护。以刑事化手段处理海上劳动关系中的欠薪争议,实质是以刑事制裁促使船东及船员服务机构服从行政管理秩序,主动履行私法下的付酬义务,是对劳动行政法及海商法下船员欠薪救济机制的重要补充,涉及刑事、民事及行政3个部门法间的互动协调。适用"拒不支付劳动报酬罪"时必须将"船员劳务合同"做类型化区分,厘清不同用工结构下的支付义务主体;并根据海上劳动的特性准确界定"劳动报酬"范围。海事、渔业行政主管部门具有开展海上劳动监督执法的专业优势,应有权责令支付并将案件移送司法机关。通过船舶强制拍卖清偿劳动报酬不是主动支付行为,不应影响对船东定罪量刑;但其在民事诉讼过程中与船员达成调解协议等主动履行债务行为可被认定为从宽量刑情节。Maritime laborers fall major victims of willful back pay,but the criminal law fails to provide adequate protection for them.Complementing the remedies under the labor law and the maritime law,the criminalization of maritime labor relationship constitutes a driving force for ship owners as well as crew service agencies to fulfill their obligations under the employment agreement.The accurate determination of the crime of refusing to pay remuneration requires careful categorization of employment agreements in order to target the right payer.Besides,the scope of remuneration should also be precisely delimited in line with the features of maritime labor.Specialized in maritime inspections and law enforcement,maritime and fishery authorities should be endowed with the power to compel payment and hand over the cases to judicial organs.The liquidation of debts through compulsory auctions is not voluntary payment and shouldn’t affect the criminal liability of the ship owner.On the contrary,voluntary fulfillment of obligations such as reaching a conciliation agreement with the crews during the civil proceedings could result in lenient punishment.

关 键 词：海上劳动关系 恶意欠薪 拒不支付劳动报酬罪 船员劳务合同 

分 类 号：D997.9[政治法律—刑法学]