现行韩国唐乐乐调及其特征  

Study of the Current Tunes of Korea's Dangak

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作  者:郑花顺[1,2] JEONG Hwa-soon

机构地区:[1]韩国清州大学艺术大学,清州473-14 [2]成均馆大学

出  处:《浙江艺术职业学院学报》2018年第3期9-23,107,共16页Journal of Zhejiang Vocational Academy of Art

摘  要:韩国唐乐源于中国俗乐,从中国传到朝鲜半岛的俗乐曲《步虚子》与《洛阳春》是属于中国"燕乐调"与"清乐调"的不同乐曲。在韩国创作的乐曲中,具备"黄钟音高为c""以唐筚篥为中心"条件的唐乐曲都应视为韩国的"唐乐"。韩国的唐乐不仅包含了中国两种俗乐调传统的"燕乐调"乐曲和"清乐调"乐曲,还包含了类似于乡乐平调的"五音音阶"。另外,"清乐七音音阶"保持了比较完整的结构,但是"燕乐七音音阶"省略了第3音"姑",变成"6音音阶",这也是韩国唐乐调的一个特征。在文献中,《乐学轨范》将韩国唐乐乐调分为两种,也就是唐琵琶的调弦法中的"上调"与"下调"。这两种调弦法四根弦上记录的音来看,"上调"属于"燕乐调","下调"则属于"清乐调"。这说明早期的韩国唐乐中已经开始运用中国俗乐的"燕乐调"和"清乐调"。This study,considering that Dangak came from China’s Sokak(lit.vulgar music),examined such two Chinese tune origins,Yeonakjo and Cheongakjo,and revealed that,of China’s extant Sokak tunes,the extant Boheoja and Nakyangchun belong to Yeonakjo and Cheongakjo,respectively,making them different from each other.Furthermore,of Korea’s created tunes,tunes-which are equipped with Dangak conditions such as Hwangjong’s pitch being c and Dang piri(fiddle)being the center-including Yeominnakman,Yeominnaknyeong,Haeryeong,Jeongdongbanggok,and Yuhwanggok,were regarded as Korea’sn Dangak,and their tones were examined.Also,Jongmyojeryeak’s ritual wine-offering music Punganjiak and the tune’s reduced tune Gyeongmogungjeryeak’s Hyeokugok were also examined in this study,considering that these have a different scale structure from Daeeop and Botaepyeong.As a result,it was found that Korea’s Dangak encompasses not only China’s two Sokakjo tradition of Yeonakjo(Jeongdongbanggok and Yeominnakman)and Cheongakjo tunes(Jongmyojeryeak’s ritual wine-offering music Punganjiak and Gyeongmogungjeryeak’s Hyeokugok),but also the 5-tone scale tunes with the same Hyangak Pyeongjo structure(Yeominnaknyeong and Yuhwanggok)and the Pyeongjo and Gyemyeonjo combined 7-tone scale tunes(Haeryeong),making them different from China’s Sokak.Also,while the Cheongak 7-tone scale maintains the whole structure tradition,the Yeonak 7-tone scale drops the third tone Go,making it a six-tone scale,and characterizing Korea’s Dangakjo.According to historical records,Korea’s Dangakjo is classified into two kinds,whose examples are found in Sangjo and Hajo specified in the Dangbipa tuning method of Akhakgwebeom.Given the tones specified for the four strings in the two tuning methods,Sangjo is considered Yeonakjo,and Hajo considered Cheongakjo.This fact suggests that China’s Sokak Yeonakjo and Cheongakjo were applied to Korea’s Dangak from very earlier times.

关 键 词:燕乐音阶 清乐音阶 上调 下调 韩国唐乐 中国俗乐 

分 类 号:J612[艺术—音乐]

 

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