分裂国家罪的构成与立法路径——以《香港基本法》第23条为视角  

The Constitution of the Crime of Secession and the Legislative Route——to Discuss the Topic of Article 23 of Hong Kong Basic Law

作　　者：李建星[1] 李梓雯 Li Jianxing;Li Ziwen

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院 [2]广东珠海市人民检察院

出　　处：《地方立法研究》2018年第3期56-66,共11页Local Legislation Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目"‘占中’后香港特区国家安全立法问题研究"(项目号:15ZD036)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：香港基本法》第23条规定香港特区自行立法禁止分裂国家,但在香港现行成文法并无体现。《香港基本法》第23条立法须将香港现行的叛逆罪分立出叛国罪、颠覆罪与分裂国家罪。分裂国家罪与叛逆罪存在根本不同:分裂国家罪与叛国罪对国家安全的侵害方式不同;构成叛国罪均以发生战争为前提,而分裂国家罪无此要求;分裂国家行为的实施者无须要求为中国公民。而且,分裂国家罪多为侵犯国家的内部秩序,也与叛国罪存在根本差异。按照比较法的通例,分裂国家罪主要调整两种行为方式:一是禁止将国家领土的一部分从国家主权分离,以此防止通过独立分裂国家;二是禁止将国家领土的一部分从属于外国主权,以此防止通过从属他国分裂国家。就分裂国家的主要手段上,可以用严重武力涵盖进行战争,严重犯罪手段应设定兜底条款,以填补可能存在的漏洞。Article23of Hong Kong Basic Law stipulates that the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall,on its own initiative,prohibit the secession of the country.The current statute is not reflected in Hong Kong's current statute law.Article23of Hong Kong Basic Law enacts legislation that separates the current treason offences in Hong Kong from treason,subversion,and secession.The crime of secession is fundamentally different from the crime of treason.The crimes of secession and treason have different ways of invading national security;the crime of treason is premised on the occurrence of a war,and the secession of a country does not require this;the perpetrators of separatist acts do not need to ask for Chinese citizen.Moreover,the crime based on splitting the country is mostly in violation of the country's internal order,and it is also fundamentally different from the crime of treason.According to the common law of the comparative law,the crime of secession mainly regulates two types of behaviors.First,it prohibits the separation of part of the national territory from national sovereignty,thereby preventing the splitting of the country through independence.Second,it prohibits the subordination of part of the national territory to foreign sovereignty.This will prevent the splitting of the country through subordinate countries.As for the main means of splitting the country,war can be covered with severe force.Serious crimes should be set up to cover possible loopholes.

关 键 词：国家安全 分裂国家 叛国罪 领土完整 

分 类 号：D921.9[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]