冷凉区旱地玉米保护性耕作土壤环境及产量效应研究  

Effects of Different Conservation Tillages on Soil Environment and Yield of Dryland Maize in Cold Climate Areas

作　　者：张冬梅[1] 姜春霞[1] 张伟[1] 王晓娟[1] 刘化涛[1] 杨柯[1] 闫六英[1] 刘恩科[1] 翟广谦[1] ZHANG Dongmei;JIANG Chunxia;ZHANG Wei;WANG Xiaojuan;LIU Huatao;YANG Ke;YAN Liuying;LIU Enke;ZHAI Guangqian(Dryland Agriculture Research Center, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031)

机构地区：[1]山西省农业科学院旱地农业研究中心,太原030031

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2018年第6期222-228,242,共8页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300305);山西省农科院院攻关项目"蓄水保墒土壤耕作技术研究"(YCX2017D2401);山西省科技攻关计划项目(201703D221001-5);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124)

摘　　要：针对冷凉区旱地玉米生产中存在的干旱缺水、低温冷凉、土壤肥力下降等问题,于2011—2016年采用裂区设计,在山西省旱作节水农业—阳曲县河村示范基地,设置了6种不同耕作覆盖处理,研究旱地玉米保护性耕作的土壤环境及产量效应。结果表明:(1)免耕+二元覆盖、条耕+二元覆盖分别较常规旋耕+地膜覆盖平均增加0—200cm土壤贮水量20.8,32.1mm;免耕+秸秆半覆盖、条耕+秸秆半覆盖分别较常规旋耕+露地种植平均增加0—200cm土壤贮水量24.3,16.3mm。(2)不同耕作处理土壤紧实度差异主要在15cm内,条耕平均为常规旋耕的2.6倍,免耕第1年土壤紧实度最高,为常规耕作的4.6倍,以后逐年下降。(3)免耕+二元覆盖、条耕+二元覆盖分别较常规旋耕+地膜覆盖日平均地温降低0.2,0.1℃(5cm)和0.8,0.3℃(10cm);免耕+秸秆半覆盖、条耕+秸秆半覆盖分别较常规旋耕+露地种植日平均地温降低0.7,0.4℃(5cm)和1.5,1.0℃(10cm)。(4)保护性耕作3年后,免耕和条耕平均较常规旋耕增加0—20cm土壤有机质含量1.5g/kg(覆膜)和1.2g/kg(不覆膜);保护性耕作5年后,土壤培肥效应更加明显。(5)免耕+二元覆盖、条耕+二元覆盖分别较常规旋耕+地膜覆盖平均增产4.4%和6.9%,且条耕+二元覆盖经济产量显著大于常规旋耕+地膜覆盖;免耕+秸秆半覆盖、条耕+秸秆半覆盖、常规旋耕+露地种植平均产量之间没有显著差异。目前来说,适宜该区域的蓄水保墒、培肥土壤、稳产高产的保护性耕作措施为条耕+二元覆盖。In order to solve the problems during dryland maize production in cold climate areas,such as drought and water shortage,low temperature,soil fertility decline and so on,a field experiment was conducted with split plot design in the demonstration base of dryland water-saving agriculture in He village of Yangqu county,Shanxi Province in2011-2016.The effects of conservation tillage on soil environment and yield of dryland maize were studied with six different tillage mulching treatments.The results showed that:(1)Compared with conventional rotary tillage and plastic film mulching(CTP),no-tillage,straw and plastic film mulching(NTSP)and strip-tillage,straw and plastic film mulching(STSP)increased soil water storage by20.8mm and32.1mm respectively in0-200cm.Compared with conventional rotary tillage and bare land(CTO),no-tillage,semi straw mulching(NTSS)and strip-tillage,semi straw mulching(STSS)increased soil water storage by24.3mm and16.3mm respectively in0-200cm.(2)The difference of soil densities among different treatments mainly occurred within15cm,with2.6times under strip-tillage as much as the conventional rotary tillage.In the first year of no tillage,soil density was the highest,4.6times of that conventional tillage,and then decreased year after year.(3)Compared with CTP,the daily average soil temperature under NTSP and STSP decreased by0.2℃and0.1℃(5cm),0.8℃and0.3℃(10cm).Compared with CTO,the daily average soil temperature under NTSS and STSS decreased0.7℃and0.4℃(5cm),1.5℃and1.0℃(10cm).(4)After3years of conservation tillage,no tillage and strip-tillage increased soil organic matter contents in0-20cm by1.5g/kg(film mulching)and1.2g/kg(no film mulching)averagely compared with conventional rotary tillage.And after5years,the effect of fertilizing soil was more obvious.(5)The economic yields under NTSP and STSP increased by4.4%and6.9%,respectively,compared with CTP,and the economic yield of STSP was significantly higher than that of CTP.There was no significant difference in average yield between NT

关 键 词：冷凉区 旱地玉米 保护性耕作 土壤环境 产量 

分 类 号：S157.4[农业科学—土壤学]