核恐惧与美国科学家对核能国际控制的追求(1945—1946)  

Nuclear Fears and the American Scientists' Pursuit of International Control of Atomic Energy during 1945 and 1946

作　　者：史宏飞 Shi Hongfei

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史学系(珠海)

出　　处：《世界历史》2018年第6期25-38,156,共15页World History

基　　金：中山大学高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(编号:72120-31610004)

摘　　要：原子弹的出现和使用,使美国参与曼哈顿工程的科学家产生了"双重焦虑":既担心核武器的巨大摧毁力可能毁灭人类文明,又顾虑分隔化管理体制可能摧毁科学自由,并使科学研究成为军方黩武主义的囚徒。为了消解"双重焦虑",美国原子科学家开始讨论如何合理控制核能的问题。一些科学家主张立即建立"世界政府",另一些则主张实现国际控制。随着美国科学家之间交流和美国各地科学家协会的创立,科学家达成了共识,要致力于建立核能国际控制机制。以此为基础,各地原子科学家联合成立了协调全国科学家组织活动的美国科学家联合会,并通过游说、咨询、教育等多种活动,推进美国战后核政策的制定向"国际控制"的方向发展。The emerging and using of the atomic bombs caused the‘dual anxieties’to the American scientists w ho were engaged in the Manh.tan Project.They not only had the anxieties that tlie huge destructive power of atomic bombs may destroy the human civilization,but also concerned that the existing compartmentalization would deprive the freedom of science,forcing the scientific research to be abused by the militarism.In order to resolve this‘dual anxieties’,the American atomic scientists began to discuss about tlie issue of controlling the atomic energy reasonably.Some scientists supported to establish the‘World Government’immediately,while others proposed that the‘International Control’of the atomic energy was a feasible method.With the debates among the American scientists and the founding of scientist associations in various regions of America,the scientist community reached a consensus about the international control of the atomic energy.atomic energy.Based on such a consensus,atomic scientists from diferent parts of America jointly founded the Federation of American Scientists,and pushed the American nuclear policy to the direction of international control through lobbying,consultation and education activities.

关 键 词：杜鲁门政府 核政策 核恐惧 美国科学家联合会 曼哈顿工程 

分 类 号：K153[历史地理—历史学]