面向锂硫电池的高负载量碳硫复合正极材料研究进展  

Research Progress of High-Loading Carbon/Sulfur Composite Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

作　　者：张腾 唐天宇 侯仰龙[1] ZHANG Teng;TANG Tianyu;HOU Yanglong(Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology,Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices,College of Engineering,Peking University,Beijing 100871)

机构地区：[1]北京大学工学院工程科学与先进技术北京市高精尖中心磁电功能材料与器件北京市重点实验室,北京100871

出　　处：《材料导报》2019年第1期90-102,共13页Materials Reports

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(51631001; 51590882; 51672010; 81421004);国家重点研发计划纳米科技专项(2016YFA0200102; 2017YFA0206301)~~

摘　　要：在近20多年的发展过程中,锂离子电池已经越来越接近于其理论能量密度的极限,并且随着化石能源消耗和电动车需求量的增加,锂离子电池已经不能满足于社会的需要,寻找可替代的绿色新能源也变得愈发重要。其中,锂硫电池是最有希望代替锂离子电池,成为下一代电化学储能系统的电池之一。由于硫的无毒性、低成本和高的能量密度等优势,使得锂硫电池吸引了研究者们的广泛关注。硫作为锂硫电池中非常重要的一部分——正极材料,对于电池的循环寿命、循环稳定性、能量密度、库伦效率等方面产生了非常重要的影响。但是锂硫电池中存在的关键问题亦限制了其实际应用,例如硫的导电性差、多硫化物中间体的"穿梭效应"、较低的硫负载量、大的体积膨胀以及复杂的内部反应机理等。为了提高锂硫电池整体的性能,设计具有高的比表面积、优越的导电性以及更多的活性位点的基底材料来负载硫变得越来越重要。为解决这些问题,研究者们设计了各种不同材料来进行硫的负载,例如碳-硫复合材料、金属氧化物-硫复合材料、聚合物-硫复合材料等。其中由于碳材料具有密度低、比表面积大、导电性好、结构多样、易于加工制备和价格低廉等优点,引起了研究者们的广泛关注,因此研究者们相继实现了用一维、二维以及三维等不同结构的碳材料来负载硫,使得锂硫电池的循环寿命、循环稳定性和库伦效率得到了有效的提高。虽然在循环寿命等方面,研究者们做出了很大的贡献,但是硫的负载量却有限,从而导致电池整体的能量密度仍然很低。从商业化的角度来看,电池能量密度的高低才是研究者们关注的重点,因此研究者们在提高其性能的同时,也在不断地提高硫的负载量,以求达到更高的能量密度。本文主要从四个方面进行了相关总结:首先,概述了锂硫�After two decades of development,lithium ion batteries are approaching their theoretical energy density limit and unable to satisfy the demand of society with the consumption of fossil fuels and the increase of electric vehicles.It is very important for researchers to look for replaceable green new energy sources.Among all the batteries,lithium-sulfur batteries are one of the most promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries as the next generation of electrochemical energy storage systems,due to their advantages of non-toxicity,low materials cost,high energy density and so on.Tremendous attentions have been paid on lithium-sulfur batteries by researchers.They are very promising to be commercialized.As a vital part of cathode electrode,the host materials of sulfur usually have a strong impact on the cycle life,cycle stability,energy density and Coulombic efficiency of lithium-sulfur batteries.However,there are many problems to increasingly hamper their applications,such as the lower conductivity of sulfur,shuttle effect,the lower-loading of sulfur,huge volumetric expansion,complex internal reaction mechanism and so forth.It is becoming more and more important to design a variety of host materials with high specific surface area,superior conductivity and more active site to load sulfur,in purpose of improving the integral performance in lithium-sulfur batteries.In response to these problems,researchers have designed various materials for loading sulfur,such as carbon-based composite materials,metal oxide-based composite materials and polymer-based composite materials.Researchers make great efforts and put a premium on carbon materials especially,due to their advantages of low density,large specific surface,good conductivity,diverse structure,easy to process and produce,low cost and so on.Therefore,researchers have also implemented carbon materials of different structures such as one-dimensional,two-dimensional and three-dimensional for sulfur loading,which has effectively improved the cycle life,cycle stability

关 键 词：锂硫电池 硫的负载量 穿梭效应 碳/硫复合正极 碳纳米材料 

分 类 号：O646.21[理学—物理化学]