人力资本推动中国加工贸易升级了吗?  

Does Human Capital Promote Upgrading of Chinese Processing Trade?

作　　者：毛其淋[1,2,3] MAO Qilin(School of Economics, Nankai University)

机构地区：[1]南开大学经济学院国际经济研究所 [2]跨国公司研究中心 [3]中国特色社会主义经济建设协同创新中心

出　　处：《经济研究》2019年第1期52-67,共16页Economic Research Journal

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(71773055);南开大学中央专项基本科研业务费(63185009);天津市人才发展特殊支持计划青年拔尖人才(TJTZJH-QNBJRC-2-23);南开大学百名青年学科带头人培养计划的资助

摘　　要：加工贸易转型升级是中国转变发展方式和改革开放战略的重要内容。本文以"大学扩招"政策的实施作为准自然实验,采用倍差法系统地评估了人力资本对中国加工贸易企业升级的影响及其作用机制。本文发现,人力资本扩张显著提高了加工贸易企业的出口技术复杂度,有利于促进加工贸易企业升级。渠道检验表明,人力资本扩张不仅促使了加工贸易企业加大研发投入和在职培训的力度,而且还促进了加工贸易企业进口使用更多种类和更高质量的中间投入品,同时还激励了加工贸易企业增加固定资产投资,这些因素共同推动了加工贸易企业升级。异质性分析发现,人力资本扩张对融资约束程度低、管理效率高、资本密集型以及外资型加工贸易企业升级的促进效应更大。此外,本文从更多的维度研究了人力资本与加工贸易升级的关系,发现人力资本扩张促进了加工贸易企业组织方式从来料加工向进料加工的转变,提高了加工贸易企业的出口国内附加值率,同时还提升了加工贸易企业的生产效率与自主创新能力。Since the reform and opening up,Chinese processing trade has developed rapidly.However,most of it remains in the stage of OEM production,lacking self-owned brands and core technologies,and its export expansion is mainly driven by a large number of low-value-added primary processed goods.Problems persist,such as an insufficient ability to conduct independent research and development and a low ability to acquire added value;hence,Chinese processing trade is located in the middle and low end of the global value chain.In the context of the new type of international division of labor,it is urgent for Chinese processing trade to transform and upgrade.This paper treats the sharp increase in human capital resulting from the higher education reform as a quasi-natural experiment and adopts a difference-in-differences method to empirically investigate the impact of human capital expansion on the upgrading of Chinese processing trade.Based on Chinese firm-level data from 2000 to 2013,the results show that human capital expansion significantly raises processing firms export technological sophistication and thus promotes the upgrading of Chinese processing firms.The mechanism tests show that human capital expansion not only spurs processing firms to increase R&D and on-the-job training expenditures but also inspires processing firms to import and use more varieties and higher quality intermediate inputs.It also encourages processing firms to increase fixed investments.All of these factors jointly promote the upgrading of processing firms.Further heterogeneity analysis shows that the positive effect of human capital expansion is larger for processing firms with lower financing constraints,higher management efficiency,higher capital intensity,and foreign-owned processing firms.We also document heterogeneity in the impact of human capital expansion on the upgrading of processing firms across fields.Finally,this paper explores the relationship between human capital and the upgrading of processing firms from additional perspectives

关 键 词：人力资本 加工贸易升级 高等教育改革 

分 类 号：F752.68[经济管理—国际贸易]