区域高环境风险行业生态补偿对象及补偿标准分析  

Ecological compensation objects and standards for industry exit of regional high environmental risk

作　　者：邓晓红 宋晓谕 祁元 王宏伟 徐中民 DENG Xiao-hong;SONG Xiao-yu;QI Yuan;WANG Hong-wei;XU Zhong-min(Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou Gansu 730000,China;Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Science,Lanzhou Gansu 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院内陆河流域生态水文重点实验室,甘肃兰州730000 [2]中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院甘肃省遥感重点实验室,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2019年第2期34-42,共9页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金"生态补偿对象空间选择研究--以渭河干流甘肃段为例"(批准号:41801208);国家自然科学基金"西辽河流域玉米流动过程及其水土资源平衡效应研究"(批准号:41471453);国家重点研发计划课题"自然资源资产负债表编制与资源环境承载力评价技术集成与应用"(批准号:2016YFC0503502)

摘　　要：高环境风险行业引发的环境污染、资源耗竭等环境负外部性问题已成为阻碍可持续发展的重要生态问题。区域高环境风险行业退出的生态补偿是减少环境负外部性的重要手段。为了顺利实施已获得准入许可的行业企业退出,需要明确退出行业的损失主体,确定补偿对象,核算其损失的机会成本并确定补偿标准。利用生态补偿理论、生产要素理论,并结合环境资产的特点分析了行业生态补偿中涉及的补偿对象,其主要包括:雇员、企业和政府;在此基础上,利用联合国发布的国民账户体系(SNA)和环境经济核算体系中心框架(SEEA)核算相关主体的雇员报酬、企业盈余、资产退出损失、资源租金以及资产净现值等以表征其参与行业生态补偿的损失,确定补偿标准。以陇南市水电行业为例,通过统计数据和行业投入产出调查数据,测算其主体损失并制定补偿标准,结果表明:陇南市水电行业全部退出的总损失需补偿290. 8亿元,其中雇员损失补偿10. 91亿元,政府损失补偿88. 94亿元,企业总损失补偿190. 95亿元。考虑到经费约束和生态功能重要性的区别,可根据企业区位和产值进行分期退出:近期可优先退出位于自然保护区、国家公园等重要生态功能区的水电企业,退出总损失需补偿为3. 74亿元,其中雇员损失补偿0. 18亿元,政府损失补偿0. 43亿元,企业损失补偿3. 13亿元;远期可根据需要设计不同的退出方案,假定以现有全市水电行业产值的50%进行退出,则总损失需补偿145. 41亿元,其中,雇员损失补偿5. 46亿元,政府损失补偿44. 47亿元,企业损失补偿95. 48亿元。With economic growth,serious environmental negative externalities caused by industries of regional high environmental risk have arisen and become one of important ecological issues,such as environmental pollution and resource depletion.Ecological Compensation(EC)of industry exit is an important means for reducing negative externalities,especially in the high environmental risk industries.To implement the original licit industries exit project,the compensation objects and their opportunity costs,which are the compensation standards,should be clarified ahead.Integrated the theory of EC,production factor theory,the characteristic of the environmental asserts,we identified that the compensation objects include the government,some enterprises and the employees of related enterprises,firstly.Then we analyzed the loss of the government,enterprise and the employee;and we use the SNA and the SEEA to calculate the specific value of the resource rents,surplus of an enterprise,withdrawal losses of enterprise assets and the employee compensation,et al.And we used these numbers to determine compensation standards of each object.Take the hydroelectricity industry in Longnan city as an example,we use statistical data and survey data to calculate the losses of industry exit of the related compensation objects to set compensation standards.We found that the total loss of the whole hydroelectricity industry exit is 29.080 billion yuan.The losses of employee,the government and the enterprise are 1.091,8.894 and 19.095 billion yuan,respectively.Given budget constraints and different importance of ecological functions,the related enterprises can be exited gradually according to theirs outputs and locations.We suggest the hydroelectricity enterprises in the nature reserves priority to exit and the whole loss is 0.374 billion yuan,and the losses of employee,the government and the enterprise are 0.018,0.043 and 0.313 billion yuan,respectively.The long-term planning can be set as different required.Here assumption is set that half of the

关 键 词：行业生态补偿 补偿对象 补偿标准 资源租金 环境经济核算 

分 类 号：F062.2[经济管理—政治经济学]