氮肥运筹对黄壤坡耕地作物产量和土壤无机氮累积量的影响  

Effects of nitrogen application regime on yield and residual nitrogen in yellow sloping soil

作　　者：张邦喜 范成五[1] 李国学[3] 王文华[1] 周瑞荣[1] 胡岗[1] 秦松[1,2] ZHANG Bang-xi;FAN Cheng-wu;LI Guo-xue;WANG Wen-hua;ZHOU Rui-rong;HU Gang;QIN Song(Institute of Soil and Fertilizer,Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guizhou Guiyang 550006;Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation and Agriculture Environment(Guizhou),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Guizhou Guiyang 550006;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193)

机构地区：[1]贵州省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,贵州贵阳550006 [2]农业农村部(贵州)耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站,贵州贵阳550006 [3]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2019年第1期1-9,共9页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：黔农科院院专项[2014]014号;贵州省科技计划黔科平台[2013]4002号

摘　　要：通过3年田间试验,探索贵州黄壤坡耕地玉米-小麦间套作体系作物增产、环境友好的适宜氮肥施用量。本研究设置6个小麦氮肥用量(N 0、90、120、150、180和240 kg/hm^2)和6个玉米氮肥用量(N 0、146、195、244、293和390 kg/hm^2),分别用N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5表示。结果表明:玉米在0～146.25 kg/hm^2的施氮量下,籽粒产量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过146.25 kg/hm^2施氮量,籽粒产量呈下降的趋势;玉米在0～243.25kg/hm^2的施氮量下,植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过243.25 kg/hm^2的施氮量,植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。小麦在0～150 kg/hm^2的施氮量下,籽粒产量和植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过150kg/hm^2施氮量,籽粒产量和植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。玉米-小麦间套作在0～236.25 kg/hm^2的施氮量下,籽粒产量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过236.25 kg/hm^2施氮量,籽粒产量呈下降的趋势;玉米-小麦间套作在0～315 kg/hm^2的施氮量下,植株氮素累积量随着施氮量提高而增加,超过315 kg/hm^2施氮量,植株氮素累积量呈下降的趋势。3年试验周期内氮素利用率较低,不超过25%;土壤中残留无机氮随着施肥量的增加而增加,并以NO3--N为主,100 cm土体累积的NO3--N与周年施氮量呈正相关(R2=0.746 3)。N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5处理的0～100 cm土体累积无机氮分别为275.5、301.5、292.1、366.5、431.2、616.9 kg/hm^2,N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5处理的耕层土壤无机氮占100 cm土体内土壤无机氮的比例分别为18.1%、19.0%、27.3%、26.2%、33.9%、22.1%。耕层无机氮表聚效应较弱,而土体累积无机氮含量较高。当每年施氮量为225.6～264.6 kg/hm^2时,籽粒产量为3 784.8～3 888.2 kg/hm^2,NO3--N积累量在217.5～228.9 kg/hm^2,增施氮肥,有利于籽粒增产,土壤NO3--N积累量平均增速为0.29 kg/kg,是贵州黄壤坡耕地麦-玉间套作体系氮肥适宜施用量,更有利于黄壤区农�This study aimed to investigate a reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat-maize rotation system on yellow sloping soil to achieve an agricultural sustainability and environment-friendly nitrogen application.A field experiment was conducted to study on the environmental endurance and optimal input rate of nitrogen in a maize-wheat rotation system with different nitrogen amounts(0,146,195,244,293 and 390 kg/hm^2)in maize season and those(0,90,120,150,180 and 240 kg/hm^2)in wheat season.Results showed that the grain yield and total nitrogen accumulation in plants increased and then decreased when the nitrogen application rate was continuously increased.Annual nitrogen use efficiency was less than 25%.Most of nitrogen that resided in soil were NO3^--N,which increased with increasing nitrogen application rate.Indeed,there was a positive correlation(R2=0.746 3)between the accumulated NO3^--N in 0~100 cm soil and annual nitrogen rate.Nitrogen in the surface soil was indiscernibly,while that in 0~100 cm depth of soil was considerably affected by nitrogen application rate.The annual yield was 3 784.8~3 888.2 kg/hm^2 and the annual accumulated NO3^--N in the 0~100 cm depth of yellow sloping soil was 217.5~228.9 kg/hm^2 when annual nitrogen application rate was increased in the range of 225.6~264.6 kg/hm^2.Results suggested that increasing nitrogen fertilizer in the aforementioned range only resulted in the increase of accumulated NO3^--N in 0~100 cm depth of soil at an average rate of 0.29 kg/kg,and thus,which can be optimal nitrogen application rate to the wheat-maize rotation system for sustainable agricultural development in areas with yellow sloping soil.

关 键 词：氮肥运筹 黄壤坡地 产量 无机氮 麦-玉轮作 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S512.1S153.6