行政强制垄断中经营者责任的认定  

On the Determination of the Operator"s Liability in Administrative Compulsory Monopoly

作　　者：张晨颖[1] Zhang Chenying

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院,北京100084

出　　处：《政治与法律》2019年第3期135-146,共12页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：当下,政府多采用间接方式进行市场干预,行政权力与市场力量相互交织,在行政性垄断上的一种表现是行政主体强制经营者从事垄断行为。在我国的行政执法、司法实践中对这类案件处理的差异较大,其后果不仅是同案不同判所导致的法律权威受损,还可能造成"真强制"而经营者被处罚或者"假强制"而经营者免责的情形,致使市场竞争无序。为解决这一问题,在认定行政强制垄断中经营者是否应承担责任时,要从本质上认清行政强制垄断的行政性垄断在先而后有经济性垄断的二重属性,并确立相应的对此种二重性的分析架构:先要明确判断行政强制垄断中经营者法律责任该当性的总体思路,即行政机关是否有权力滥用行为,以及经营者是否预见到其行为实施对市场的负面影响、是否就实施垄断行为进行过反抗,再确立行政强制垄断行为的判断规则。行政强制垄断的判断步骤和规则为:第一步,确定某一行政行为系权力滥用的具体判断标准,即确定第一重违法认定;第二步,判断从行政性垄断到经济性垄断的逻辑,即二重关系是否成立;第三步,适用"强制"的认定规则,即经营者经济性垄断违法的阻却事由。Currently,the government mostly adopt indirect approaches to carry out market intervention,resulting in administrative power and market forces interwoven. One manifestation of administrative monopoly is that administrative agencies compel business operators to engage in monopolistic behaviors. The treatment of such kind of cases in China vary greatly in both administrative law enforcement and judicial practice,which results in not only damage to legal authority due to different judgments for similar cases,but also market competitive disorder since operators under "true compulsion" might be punished while operators under "fake compulsion" might escape from legal liability. In order to solve this problem,when deciding whether an operator in the administrative compulsory monopoly shall assume liability or not,we must essentially recognize the dual attributes of administrative compulsory monopoly,namely an administrative monopoly followed by an economic monopoly,and establish corresponding analytical framework and system on such duel attributes:the most important thing is to clarify the overall train of thought on deciding the imposition of legal liability on operators in administrative compulsory monopoly,i. e. whether the administrative authority abuses their power,whether operators predict the negative influence of their behaviors to the market,and whether operators resist the implementation of monopolistic behaviors;the next thing is to establish judging rules on an administrative compulsory monopolistic behavior:the first step is to determine a concrete standard for concluding that a certain administrative behavior is an abuse of power,that is,to decide how to recognize the violation of law;the second step is to judge the logic from the administrative monopoly to economic monopoly,that is,whether the dual relationship exists;the third step is to make clear identification rule of "compulsory",namely,justifications for operators'economic monopoly.

关 键 词：行政性垄断 行政强制垄断 经济性垄断 经营者责任 

分 类 号：DF414[政治法律—经济法学]