清华简《说命上》“二戊豕”解——兼论《说命》的真实性与传抄时代  

The Explanation of “Er Wu Shi”(二戊豕)in Shuo Ming Shang(《说命上》) of Qinghua Bamboo Slips——On the Authenticity of Shuo Ming and the Age of Transcription

作　　者：曹定云[1] Cao Dingyun

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院考古研究所

出　　处：《中原文化研究》2019年第2期87-90,96,共5页The Central Plains Culture Research

摘　　要：清华简《说命·上》谈及"傅说伐失仲"说:"失仲是生子,生二戊豕。"对此"二戊豕"有不同的解释。整理者将"戊"释读为"牡",认为"二戊(牡)豕"是"二头公猪",欠妥。实际是:"戊"是"日名";"豕"是"图腾崇拜"孑遗。"生二戊豕"就是生了两个"日名"为"戊"的"双胞胎"。"豕韦氏"是殷周时代一支重要的氏族。《诗·商颂·长发》:"韦、顾既伐,昆吾、夏桀。"《郑笺》:"韦,豕韦,彭姓也。"就是证明。失仲属"豕韦氏",自然是以"豕"为其"图腾",他生下"双胞胎",其"日名"为"戊",自然就是"二戊豕"。"傅说伐失仲"有深刻的历史原因。"韦"(豕韦)曾是夏桀的重要盟国,商汤之时,就曾伐"韦"(豕韦)。至武丁时,"失仲"可能仍有"二心",故武丁命傅说再次讨伐之。这样一段历史,史籍无载,但清华简《说命》却保存下来,足见弥足珍贵。清华简《说命》中,失仲的两个儿子称"二戊豕",在一般人的思维中,是"不可思议"的。正是这"不可思议",恰恰证明了它的真实性。《说命》虽然源出殷代,但在后来的流传与传抄过程中,无疑受到春秋、战国时期的影响。它最后传抄的年代,当在战国中后期。The Qinghua Bamboo Slip Shuo Ming Shang(《说命上》) talks about“Fu Shuo crusade Shi Zhong” and says,“Shi Zhong birth Er Wu Shi”. There are different explanations for this phenomenon. It is inappropriate to interpret“Wu”(戊) as“Mu”(牡) and consider“Er Wu Shi”as“two boars”.In fact,“Wu”is the“day name”and “Shi” is the legacy of totem worship.“The birth of Er Wu Shi” is the birth of two“twins” whose“day name” is “Wu”. Shi Wei Shi(豕韦氏)was an important clan in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Shang Song·Chang Fa of The Book of Songs said:“Before Shang Tang destroyed Xia Jie, Wei, Gu and Kunwu were first attacked.” Zheng Jian:"Wei, that is Shi wei, Peng surname also." Shi Zhong belongs to“Shi Wei”and naturally takes“Shi”as its“totem”. He gave birth to“twins”, whose“day name”is“Wu”, which is naturally“Er Wu Shi”.There are profound historical reasons for“Fu Shuo crusade Shi Zhong”.“Wei”(Shi Wei) was an important ally of Xia Jie. When Shang Dynasty, he had crusade“Wei”(Shi wei). By the time of Wuding, Wuding ordered Fu Shuo to crusade it again. Such a period of history, no record of history, but Tsinghua bamboo slips“Shuo Ming” has survived, it is very precious. In Qinghua bamboo slips Shuo Ming, the two sons of Shi Zhong are called “Er Wu Shi”, which is “inconceivable” in the thinking of ordinary people. It is the“incredible”that proves its authenticity. Although Shuo Ming originated from the Shang Dynasty, it was undoubtedly influenced by the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in the process of its transmission and copying. It was last copied in the middle and late Warring States Period.

关 键 词：清华简《说命》 傅说 失仲 图腾崇拜 

分 类 号：K22[历史地理—历史学]