紫茎泽兰对小麦的化感作用及腐熟肥效  

Allelopathy and Fertilizer Efficiency of Compost Made from Ageratina adenophora on Wheat

作　　者：范倩 黄建国[1] FAN Qian;HUANG JianGuo(College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716)

机构地区：[1]西南大学资源环境学院,重庆400716

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2018年第4期708-717,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家"973"计划(2013CB127405);四川省烟草公司凉山州公司科技项目(201551340027159)

摘　　要：【目的】紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)从中缅边境侵入中国后,在西南地区大规模侵入农田、森林、草场,造成了巨大的经济损失和生态灾难。论文旨在了解紫茎泽兰的化感作用,评价其腐熟肥效,为有效防除和资源化利用提供科学依据。【方法】利用恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putita)和热解纤维梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)制备混合菌剂,野外就地腐熟紫茎泽兰生产有机肥,通过培养试验、盆栽试验和田间试验,研究新鲜和腐熟紫茎泽兰浸提液以及腐熟有机肥对小麦种子发芽特性,植物生长,氮、磷、钾养分吸收,土壤微生物和籽粒产量品质的影响。【结果】在培养试验中,较高浓度的新鲜紫茎泽兰浸提液显著抑制小麦种子发芽率,降低幼苗生长速率;而相同浓度的腐熟紫茎泽兰浸提液则相反,发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和苗高分别增加4.73%、13.06%、6.58%和29.87%,并使叶绿素含量、叶片硝酸还原酶活性及根系活力显著提高,有益于光合作用,氮素同化和养分吸收。在种子发芽过程中,新鲜紫茎泽兰浸提液抑制种子胚乳中的蛋白质、淀粉和六磷酸肌醇等大分子物质水解;腐熟紫茎泽兰浸提液则促进它们分别水解为游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和无机磷,对构建新植物体,供给植物营养,促进幼苗生长有重要作用。在盆栽试验中,用新鲜紫茎泽兰浸提液灌根,小麦植株氮、磷、钾吸收量比对照显著降低,氮、磷、钾吸收量比对照分别降低74.78%、58.55%和70.77%,生物量减少47.77%—58.70%;用较高浓度的腐熟紫茎泽兰浸提液灌根则促进吸收养分,植株生物量提高27.53%。在田间试验中,与对照(不施肥)相比,施用化肥对小麦根际土壤微生物碳氮量、脱氢酶活性及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数无显著影响;但与施用等养分量的化肥相比,化肥配施紫茎泽兰有机肥则显著提高了小麦根际微生物碳氮量、脱氢酶活性及Sh【Objective】After coming into our country from Myanmar in 1940 s,Ageratina adenophora is now widespread in agricultural lands,forests and pastures in Southwest China,which has produced huge economic loss and ecological disaster.The objective of this study is to realize the allelopathic effects of this invasive plant on wheat and the efficiency of organic fertilizer made from A.adenophora,and to provide scientific informations for the effective control and resource utilization.【Method】A microbial inoculum was made with Pseudomonas putita and Clostridium thermocellum to compost A.adenophora in situ.Then pure culture and pot experiments were carried out to compare the allelopathic effects of extracts from fresh and decomposed A.adenophora on wheat seed germination,young seedling growth and nutrient uptake,and field trial to realize soil microbes,wheat grain yield and quality as affected by organic fertilizer made from A.adenophora.【Result】In the culture experiment,the higher concentration of the extracts from fresh A.adenophora(EFA)significantly inhibited the seed germination and decreased the growth rate of the seedlings.In contrast,the seed germination rate,germination index,vigor index,and seedling height increased by 4.73%,13.06%,6.58%,and 29.87%,respectively,which were treated by decomposed extracts of A.adenophora(EDA).Meanwhile,EDA treatment increased the chlorophyll concentration,nitrate reductase activity,and root vitality,which was beneficial to photosynthesis,nitrogen assimilation,and nutrient uptake.In the process of wheat germination,EFA significantly slowed the hydrolysis of macromolecular inclusions such as protein,starch and inositol phosphates in wheat seed endosperm.Conversely,EDA increased free amino acids,soluble sugars,and inorganic phosphorus in the seeds,which could be used as the building materials for new plants and supply seedlings with nutrients resulting in fast plant growth.In pot experiment,using EFA to water wheat seedlings,nitrogen absorption by plants decreased by 74.78%,p

关 键 词：紫茎泽兰 化感作用 有机肥 

分 类 号：S451[农业科学—植物保护]