近代中国精英与国家关系的转型  

The Transformation of Local Elites and Their Relationship to the State in Modern China

作　　者：〔美〕芮玛丽(著) 〔美〕周锡瑞(著) 缪舒舒(译) 张笑川(编校)[3] Mary Backus Rankin;Joseph W. Esherick

机构地区：[1]不详 [2]美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校 [3]苏州科技大学历史系

出　　处：《城市史研究》2018年第2期189-204,326,共17页Urban History Research

摘　　要：帝国晚期的大部分时间里,中国精英阶层虽然一直在变化,但弹性的社会结构没有改变。19世纪一系列经济、社会和政治进程,加速了中国精英的变化,也导致社会结构的改变。商业重要性的日益增长导致“绅商”混合精英的出现,地方军事化导致军事精英的崛起,专业化的发展促进功能性精英影响力的提升,精英地方自治权力的增长推动地方精英活动公共领域的出现,地方场域的差异导致精英阶层的分裂。在精英组织和政治化日益加强的背景下,国家权力和精英权力的竞争性扩张加剧了精英与国家之间的冲突。灵活依赖各种资源、构建人际关系网络、通过文化霸权进行支配等精英行为模式,贯穿帝国晚期和民国精英转型的历史过程。During the most part of the late imperial period, while Chinese elites had been always changing, its elastic social structures had not altered. In the nineteenth century, a series of economic, social, and political process accelerated the change of Chinese elites and transformed social structures. The growing importance of commerce led to a new hybrid class “ gentry-merchants”,militarization led to the rise of military elites, specialization led to the emerging of functional elites;the growth of autonomous local-elites power led to the emerging of public sphere, the difference of local arenas led to the fragmentation of the elite. The competitive expansion of both state and elite pow er, in a context of increasing elite organization and politicization, resulted in a more profound conflict between elites and the state than was characteristic of late imperial period. Flexible reliance on multiple resources, constructing networks of human relationships and dominance through cultural hegemony, had dominated throughout the processes of elite transformation in late imperial and the republic of China.

关 键 词：近代中国 精英群体 国家权力 

分 类 号：K25[历史地理—历史学]