食品行政处罚中减轻处罚规范的适用  

On the Mitigating Punishment in Food Administrative Penalty

作　　者：曾文远[1,2] Zeng Wenyuan

机构地区：[1]中国人民公安大学 [2]中国人民公安大学食品药品与犯罪研究中心

出　　处：《财经法学》2019年第2期107-128,共22页Law and Economy

基　　金：2018年中国人民公安大学基本科研费项目"我国食药案件鉴定问题研究"(2018JKF501)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：新《食品安全法》规定了最严厉的处罚,食药监执法者基于执法便宜性考虑,经常在食品行政处罚中对当事人予以减轻处罚,各地食药监上级部门也陆续出台裁量规则,扩大减轻处罚的适用范围,这两者均使得《食品安全法》"最严厉的处罚"大打折扣。减轻处罚的正当性来源于行政处罚的制裁和预防功效,减轻处罚规范既有责任要素,也有预防要素,对其法律意旨的分析必须从构成要件和法律效果两部分进行。减轻处罚规范的"违法行为轻微"要件在内容上包含质和量两个方面,在形式上必须"依法"规定,下位法只能在情节法定下予以具体化;减轻处罚规范的裁量适用是应当减轻,下位法不能改变之。各地食药监裁量规则中设定的减轻处罚规范,在构成要件上因绝大多数都任意增加情节事实情形而面临合法性危机,在效果适用上虽绝大多数都限缩裁量权但符合行政自制和依法行政法理。对此合理的建议是:着眼国家法律体系的所有减轻处罚规范精神,挖掘更多可资适用的减轻处罚明文规范,界定范围有限的酌定减轻处罚隐形规范,然后在这些规范的统摄下制定裁量规则,将减轻处罚规范中构成要件之情节事实尽可能具体化,将减轻处罚规范中裁量适用之基准尽可能明确化。New Food Safety Law stipulates the most severe punishment. Food and drug administration law enforcement officers based on the consideration of convenience of law enforcement, often mitigate punishment in the food administrative penalty to the parties. The higher level departments of food and drug administration have also issue discretionary rules to expand the scope of application for mitigating punishment. The legitimacy of the mitigating punishment is derived from the sanctions and prevention of administrative penalty, and the mitigating punishment norm has both the elements of responsibility and the prevention elements. The analysis of its legal intention must be carried out from the two parts of the constitutive requirements and legal effects of mitigating punishment norm. The food and drug supervision set standard of mitigating punishment in discretion rules in various places, but it is faced with the crisis of legality because of the fact that the overwhelming majority of them increase arbitrarily the fact of the plot in the constitution of norms;the overwhelming majority limit the legal effects discretion and conforms to the administrative self-control and the legal administration according to law. The reasonable suggestion is:we should consider the spirit of all mitigating punishment norms in the national legal system, explore more applicable mitigating punishment norms and then formulate the discretion rules under the guidance of these norms.

关 键 词：食品行政处罚 减轻处罚 量罚规范 构成要件 法律效果 裁量 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]