市场规模、劳动力成本与异质性企业区位选择——中国地区经济差距与生产率差距之谜的一个解释  

Market Size, Labor Cost and Location of Heterogeneous Firms: Solving the Riddle of Economic and Productivity Gaps in China

作　　者：吕大国[1] 耿强[2] 简泽[1] 卢任 LV Daguo;GENG Qiang;JIAN Ze;LU Ren(Institute of Industrial Economics,Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics;School of Economics,Nanjing University;School of Business Administration,Guangdong University of Finance and Economics)

机构地区：[1]江西财经大学产业经济研究院 [2]南京大学经济学院 [3]广东财经大学工商管理学院

出　　处：《经济研究》2019年第2期36-53,共18页Economic Research Journal

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(71563013;71503112)的资助

摘　　要：为什么中国地区经济差距在缩小,生产率差距却在扩大?本文以新新经济地理理论模型为基础,构建了一个包括市场规模差异(集聚力)和劳动力成本差异(分散力)的理论模型,对忽视分散力的新新经济地理理论进行扩展,在此基础上讨论了生产率异质性企业定位选择对地区差距的影响。研究发现,生产率异质性企业定位选择是中国地区经济差距缩小和生产率差距扩大的原因,但导致生产率异质性企业分类集聚的原因是劳动力成本差异,而非市场规模差异。在市场一体化进程中,东部地区的低生产率企业首先向外迁移,地区经济差距在缩小,生产率差距却在扩大。随着市场一体化进程的深化,东部地区的高生产率企业也会向外迁移,生产率差距将开始缩小。随后,本文使用大规模微观企业数据证实了理论模型的结论。Productivity gaps are the main cause of the regional disparities observed in China’s economic development.In the late 1990 s and early 21st century,the economic gap between East China and Midwest China narrowed,but the productivity gap between them widened.Does such divergence mean that the economic gap will also widen in the long run?Explaining the"riddle"of this narrowing of the economic gap despite a wider productivity gap could be one of the keys to achieving balanced economic development across China’s regions.Prior studies mainly applied the new economic geography(NEG)theory,or the"new"NEG(NNEG)theory,to explain regional disparities in China.However,the NEG theory can explain economic gaps but not productivity gaps,as the productivity of firms is homogeneous under this theory.When firms of homogeneous productivity are under the influence of agglomeration and dispersion forces,their location will influence regional economic gaps but not productivity gaps.Building on the NEG theory,the NNEG theory provides new insights for studying productivity gaps by introducing heterogeneous firm productivity.However,the focus of the NNEG theory is the market size and location of firms with heterogeneous productivity,rather than factor costs and other dispersion forces.The high cost of labor and other inflow factors in East China is the dispersion force involved in the narrowing economic gap in recent years.As such,the NNEG theory is also unable to explain the aforementioned riddle.This paper constructs a theoretical model to study how the location of firms with heterogeneous productivity is influenced by market size(agglomeration force)and labor cost(dispersion force),and how that location influences regional gaps in China.The main findings are as follows:(1)The location of firms with heterogeneous productivity explains the narrowing economic gap and widening productivity gap,but the separate agglomeration of firms with heterogeneous productivity is due to the difference in labor costs,not market size.(2)When the labo

关 键 词：经济差距 生产率差距 新新经济地理理论 市场规模 劳动力成本 

分 类 号：F127[经济管理—世界经济]