造梁树——整体技艺观视角下闽西客家地区“九厅十八井”建筑的大木匠作  

Making a Ridge Beam:The Structural Carpentry of the Nine-Halls-and-Eighteen-Sky-Wells Residence in the Hakka Cultural Region of Western Fujian Understood through a Holistic Approach to Technique

作　　者：欧玄子 Ou Xuanzi

机构地区：[1]北京大学社会学系

出　　处：《建筑遗产》2019年第1期60-68,共9页Heritage Architecture

摘　　要：造梁树,即制作房屋栋梁,是闽西客家民居营造的关键环节。这种关键性,不仅由于梁树复杂而独特的加工技术和其在构架上的重要地位,更体现在以居住者为代表的地方社会对梁树象征意涵的笃信。文章以闽西龙岩邓村木匠造梁树的过程为例,利用当地工匠在营造中使用的有机语言,从接"活儿"、定长度、选材料、公开做、出样子、做细部、上梁七个步骤,勾勒这一技术与其所在社会整体之间的关系,突出技艺实践过程中,国家、市场、风俗与工匠所代表的社会文化向技术内部的渗透,并结合由提姆·英戈尔德和布迪厄相关技艺理论组成的整体性技艺观,分析自近现代以来,由于学术话语、政治和资本市场等因素造成的对传统技艺生存与研究的遮蔽,强调传统建筑营造这种民间技艺具有的实践理性,为保存传统匠作技艺和其根植的风土性探索智识依据,并探寻民居研究中的本土话语。The key step in building the traditional nine-halls-and-eighteen-sky-wells residence in the western Fujian Hakka cultural region is the construction of the ridge beam. The importance of the ridge beam may lie not only in the complicated and unique craftsmanship involved and its significance in the structural framework, but also in its symbolic meaning in the vernacular folk faith. By taking as an example the construction of a ridge beam in Deng Village, Longyan, by local carpenters using traditional craftsmanship, this article teases out the interaction between the technique and the related social context through the local language that the craftsmen used in the construction process. The article divides the construction process into seven steps: accepting the commission, deciding the length, choosing the required timber material, making the beam in public, accomplishment of the primary form, decoration, and the raising of the beam to the ridge.This process shows the influence of the state, market, customs, and craftsmen on the practice of technique. Adopting the holistic approach to technique provided by Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social practice and Tim Ingold's view on skills, the article also reveals the neglect and concealment of the value of traditional craftsmanship in the modern academic discourse, politics, and market for capital to argue for practical reason in the folk art of traditional architecture construction, to explore the intellectual foundation of the preservation of traditional construction skills and the local lifeworld in which it is rooted, and to seek for a native discourse in vernacular dwelling research.

关 键 词：客家建筑 地方匠作 整体技艺观 九厅十八井 福建 

分 类 号：C912.68[经济管理] TU092.957[社会学]