不同播期冬小麦小花发育特性与同化物代谢的相关性  

Correlation between floret development characteristics and photosynthate metabolism of winter wheat in different sowing dates

作　　者：朱元刚[1,2] 肖岩岩 初金鹏 张秀[1] 钤太峰[1] 马鑫 代兴龙[1] 贺明荣[1] ZHU Yuan-gang;XIAO Yan-yan;CHU Jin-peng;ZHANG Xiu;QIAN Tai-feng;MA Xin;DAI Xing-long;HE Ming-rong(State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology /Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System/Ministryof Agriculture/College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai’an,Shandong 271018,China;Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Dezhou,Shandong 253015,China;Dezhou Experimental Middle School,Dezhou,Shandong 253015,China)

机构地区：[1]作物生物学国家重点实验室/农业部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/山东农业大学农学院,山东泰安271018 [2]德州市农业科学研究院,山东德州253015 [3]德州市实验中学,山东德州253015

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2019年第3期370-381,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2015CB150404);山东农业大学"双一流"科技创新团队(SYL2017YSTD05);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2018BC034)资助

摘　　要：【目的】推迟播期能够维持单位面积粒数已在前期研究中得到证实,本研究进一步探讨不同播种期冬小麦小花发育特征及分化、退化的差异性,分析植株同化物积累、分配与小花发育和结实的关系,旨在为提高小麦穗粒数以及丰富小麦高产栽培理论提供参考。【方法】试验于2014—2015年和2015—2016年连续两个小麦生长季,在山东省泰安市岱岳区大汶口镇东武村山东农业大学试验田(35°57′N,117°3′E)进行,以泰农18和济麦22为试验材料,设置9月24日、10月1日、10月8日、10月15日和10月22日共5个播期处理,观察记载小花发育过程中分化和退化数量动态以及最终结实粒数,测定开花期穗部和茎秆的干物质和氮素积累量,计算小花退化阶段整株和穗部的干物质和氮素积累速率。【结果】播期推迟条件下,单位面积可孕花数和单位面积结实粒数获得了维持,单位面积最大分化小花数明显降低,小花存活率显著提高。推迟播期明显减少了小花退化数量,小花退化速率明显降低。在小花退化阶段,推迟播期加速了整株和穗部的干物质和氮素积累,从而为开花期穗干重的维持以及干重穗茎比和氮素穗茎比的提高提供了保证。相关分析表明,开花期单位面积可孕花数分别与穗干物重、干物重和氮积累量穗茎比、整株和穗的干物质和氮的积累速率以及小花存活率均呈极显著正相关。推迟播期明显减少了有效茎蘖和无效分蘖所产生的退化小花数,尤其无效分蘖产生的退化小花数下降幅度更加明显。提高主茎在群体中同化物所占比例能够有效维持单位面积可孕花数和减少退化小花数,降低了小花死亡消耗。此外,推迟播期提高了可孕花累积生长度日生产效率,降低了退化小花累积生长度日生产效率。【结论】推迟播期明显降低了小花的退化,从而提高了小花存活率,开花期单位面积可孕花【Objectives】Our previous work confirmed that grain number per unit area could been maintained through delaying sowing date.This study further investigated the development characteristics of florets and compared their differences in differentiation and degradation under different sowing dates,and analyzed the relationship between photosynthate accumulation and distribution and floret development and grain setting.The purpose was to provide references for wheat high-yield cultivation.【Methods】Field experiments were conducted during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 at the Experimental Station of Dongwu Village(35°57′N,117°3′E),Shandong Province,China.Two wheat cultivars of Tainong18 and Jimai22 were planted as the experimental materials.Winter wheat was sowed on September 24,October 1,8,15 and 22,respectively.Binocular microscope was used to record the dynamics of differentiation and degeneration during the floret development.The final grains number,the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation of spikes and stems at anthesis were investigated,and the accumulation rate of dry matter and nitrogen in the whole plants and spikes during the floret degeneration stage were calculated.【Results】Among the five sowing date treatments,the number of fertile florets and final grains per unit areas were maintained same,but the maximum number of differentiated florets per unit area was significantly reduced,and the survival rate of florets was significantly increased.When the sowing date was delayed,the degenerated rate of florets was significantly reduced.The accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in the whole plants and spikes were significantly accelerated during the floret degeneration stage,thus ensure the constant spike dry weight and the ratios of dry matter and nitrogen between spikes and stems at anthesis.The number of fertile florets at anthesis exhibited significant and positive correlations with spike dry matter weight,the ratios of dry matter weight and nitrogen accumulation of spike/stem,and the accumulation

关 键 词：冬小麦 播期 小花发育 同化物代谢 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]