佛经文本与艺术遗存所呈现的古代文化交流——以月光王本生为例  

On the Ancient Cultural Exchanges Evidenced by Buddhist Texts and Artistic Remains——Taking the Candraprabha-Jātaka as an Example

作　　者：张文玲 ZHANG Wenling(Taibei Palace Museum,Taibei,Taiwan)

机构地区：[1]台北故宫博物院

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2019年第1期7-19,共13页Dunhuang Research

摘　　要：流传至今的佛经故事,数量众多,但并非大多数的佛经故事都还留存与之相关的多种语文佛经文本和艺术遗存,月光王本生是少数中的一例。对流传至今与月光王本生相关的佛经文本与艺术遗存的研究表明:1.月光王本生文本应出现于贵霜王朝时期,而最早的月光王本生内容,很可能出现在由根本说一切有部约在公元200—350年间所完成的《天譬喻》中;2.虽然大约完成于公元200—350年间的《天譬喻》文本已不存,但其内容应可从目前所存2—3世纪的犍陀罗浮雕以及现存月光王本生中年代最早(公元251年)的《六度集经》卷1的内容得其梗概;3.根本说一切有部所传月光王一切施的思想、犍陀罗地区所创造出来的图像造型(挥刀欲砍的婆罗门、屈身甘心舍头的月光王)以及克孜尔壁画中跪捧七宝头的大月大臣,都见于敦煌莫高窟第275窟的月光王本生壁画,从中可以看出古代佛教世界中的东西文化交流。The stories of Buddhist scriptures that have been passed down to the present are numerous, but few of these Buddhist sutras retain the multi-linguistic scriptural texts and artistic relics originally associated with them. The Candraprabha-Jātaka is one of the few exceptions. A study on the Buddhist scriptures and artistic relics relevant to the Candraprabha-Jātaka has led to the following conclusions: I. The creation of auxiliary texts about the Candraprabha-Jātaka likely occurred in the period of the Kushan Dynasty, and the earliest content of Candraprabha-Jātaka appeared in the Divyāvadana, which was compiled by the Sarvāstivāda school between200-350 CE;II. Although the text of Divyāvadana no longer exists, its content can still be found in the remains of 2 nd-3 rd century Gandhara reliefs, and the earliest Chinese version of the Candraprabha-Jātaka can be found summarized in the text of Liudu Ji Jing which was translated in 251 CE;III. The idea of giving away everything embodied by the king of Candraprabha was passed down into Buddhist tradition by the Sarvāstivāda school;the iconography created in the Gandhara region, depicting a Brahmin raising his sword and the king of Candraprabha bowing his head in acceptance of his fate, and murals in Kizil, which paint the minister of Mahācandra holding the "seven-treasure heads," are all present in Cave 275 at the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. According to the testimony of these artistic remains, cultural exchanges between the East and the West were not only topics available for depiction but even maturely represented themes in the ancient Buddhist world.

关 键 词：月光王本生 贵霜 犍陀罗 艺术遗存 莫高窟 东西文化交流 

分 类 号：G256.1[文化科学—图书馆学] K879.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]