爱德华·希思对大西洋联盟政策的调整与英美关系重构  

Edward Heath's Adjustment of the Atlantic Alliance Policy and the Rebuilding of Anglo-American Relations

作　　者：梁军[1] Liang Jun

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,教授。武汉430079

出　　处：《历史研究》2019年第1期123-144,M0005,M0006,共24页Historical Research

基　　金：2016年华中师范大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目"动乱年代的伙伴关系--大西洋关系研究(1970-1974)"(CCNU16A06001)阶段性成果

摘　　要：20世纪70年代前期,英国首相希思对英国的大西洋联盟政策进行了重大调整。他试图以英美"天然关系"取代英美"特殊关系",以利英国加入欧共体,并以此为契机积极推动欧共体发展为独立实体,通过建构平衡的欧美关系令英国"两头受益"。由于这一时期美欧关系日趋紧张以及美国对维护其联盟霸主地位的坚定决心和尼克松—基辛格外交管理方式发生巨大变化等原因,希思虽成功引领英国加入欧共体,却在两次"尼克松冲击波"、"欧洲年"与中东危机等一系列重大事件上与美国发生冲突。受困于对美国的全方位依赖,希思最终不得不进行战略撤退。英美"特殊关系"得以再度复兴。"天然关系"是一种极具灵活性与弹性色彩的实用主义外交政策,它反映出业已开始松动的两极体制下一个不甘沉沦的中等强国寻求独立自主、振兴国家的强烈愿望与努力。In the early 1970s,the British Prime Minister Edward Heath made major adjustments to Britain’s Atlantic alliance policy,in an attempt to replace the“special relationship”between the Britain and the US with a“natural relationship”so as to facilitate Britain’s entry into the European Economic Community,and thereby actively promote the European Economic Community as an independent entity.The construction of a balanced relationship with Europe and the US would allow Britain to benefit from both sides.However,due to the growing US-European tension at the time,the firm determination of the US to maintain its hegemonic position in the alliance,and the great changes in the Nixon/Kissinger style of foreign relations management,Heath succeeded in bringing Britain into the European Economic Community,but fell out with the US over a series of major events including the two“Nixon shock waves,”the“Year of Europe”and the Middle East crisis.Hindered by Britain’s multidimensional dependence on the US,Heath eventually had to make a strategic retreat,resulting in the resumption of the“special relationship”between Britain and the US.The“natural relationship”was a pragmatic and highly flexible foreign policy that reflected the ardent wishes and attempts of a medium power not to be submerged but rather to achieve independence and autonomy and revitalize the nation at a time when the bipolar system was easing.

关 键 词：爱德华·希思 英美关系 天然关系 大西洋联盟 欧共体 

分 类 号：D871.2[政治法律—政治学] D856.1[政治法律—外交学]